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RED CNS
BLUE PNS
SOMATIC / VOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM: Nerves supplying skeletal muscles Controls movements of body by acting on skeletal muscles. AUTONOMIC / VISCERAL / VEGETATIVE/ INVOLUNTARY NERVOUS SYSTEM: Function: Controls viscera 2 sub-divisions: SYMPATHETIC PARASYMPATHETIC
Nerve cells or Neurons: which are excitable and conduct electrical impulses Glial (neuroglial) cells or supporting cells: which support, nurture, and protect the neurons.
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The Neuron
Structural and functional unit of nervous system. Features:
Nucleus & cytoplasmic organelles. No centrosome cannot divide. Branches Axon / nerve fiber & Dendrites.
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dendrites
(a) Definition: These are the neuronal processes that receive information and transmit it to the cell body. (b) Contain mitochondria, microtubules, and granular ER. (c) Nissl granules are present in the proximal part of the dendrites. (d) Lack Golgi apparatus*** (e) dendrites have spine-like side processes. function: Dendrites integrate the excitatory influences and increase the receptive area of a neuron.
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axon
(a) Contains axoplasm flowing centrifugally from the pyramidal shape starting-point of the axon - the axon hillock. *** initial segment is the site b/w the apex of the axon hillock and the start of the myelin sheath. Action potential is generated here.*** (b) Has mitochondria, neurofilaments, microtubules, travelling vesicles, and, in some neurons, secretion droplets, in the axoplasm. (c) Membrane of the axon is called as axolemma, swelling out into a bag at its ends (synaptic boutons) which holds vesicles.
Axon structure
3 LAYERS: (outside inside) Epineurium: sheath covering whole nerve that contains many fasiculi of nerve fibers. Perineurium: covers each fasciculus of the nerve Endoneurium: covers each nerve fiber within the fasiculus.
CLASSIFICATION OF NEURONS
Neurotransmitter Released
Cholinergic GABAergic Adrenergic Sympathatic Noradrenergic Parasympathatic
Cell Processes
Multipolar
Motor, pyramidal, purkinje
Bipolar
Sensory, retina, olfactory mucosa, cochlear, vest. ganglia
Pseudo-unipolar
Sensory, dorsal roots & cranial ganglia
Cell Size
Golgi I Motor paramidal cell, Golgi II
Interneuron spinal cord
Function
Motor 18 November 2013
Interneurons
Sensory
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Myelinated Fibers
myelin is a whitish lipoprotein complex. Sphingmyelin is the main lipid in it These are axons of large diameter grow in the PNS
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Range of velocity: 120m/sec (in large myelinated fibers) to 0.5 m/sec (in smallest unmyelinated fibers).
Ib /A alpha
Fibers from golgi tendon organs.
IV / C