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QUOTABLE QUOTES
7 Blunders of the World Wealth without work. Pleasure without conscience. Knowledge without character. Commerce without morality. Science without humanity. Worship without sacrifice. Politics without principle. - Mahatma Gadhi
(1869-1948)

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING by

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING by

Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte

INTRODUCTION

6000 to 3000 B.C. Egyptians had ships with masts & sails, galleys were used on the Nile River 961 to 922 B.C. King Solomons reign, Phoenician galleys sailed from Biblical Tyre & Sidon bringing copper from Cyprus, papyrus from Egypt & gold, ivory, & slaves from Africa 140 A.D. Rome used galleys were used for her war against Carthage Beginning of the 19th Century to 1819 Keelboats started appearing in rivers, can carry 80 tons of freight 1807 The Steamboat was invented 1809 Col. John Stevens demonstrated that steamboat travel is feasible for ocean transportation though sailing vessels continued dominating ocean transportation 1818 James Monroe initiated a scheduled ocean travel using a 424 ton ship that sailed from New York to Liverpool. 1846 1855 Over 400 Clipper Ships were built that has speed that can rival the ships being used at present. They were replaced by steam ships following the Civil War in the United States of America.

INTRODUCTION
Egyptian Galley

Phoenician Galley

Roman Galley

INTRODUCTION
Keel Boat

Steam Boat

Clipper Ship

Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte

NATURE OF WATER TRANSPORTATION

By its nature, water transportation is most suitable for bulky & heavy commodities that needs to be moved at long distances & for which time of transport is not a critical factor. In recent years, substantial increase in water transportation activity has been noted. These increases are attributed to growing population, development of new products & new sources of raw materials, general industrial growth, especially petroleum industry.

Rock Formations, Pangil Beach Resort, Ilocos Norte

Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte

THE COASTAL ENVIRONMENT

The design of durable port & harbour facilities is one of the most challenging problems that faces the engineer. The seacoast environment is very harsh & corrosive; structures must withstand destructive biological, physicochemical & mechanical actions that are inherent to coastal environments. Wood must endure forces of decay and attack of termites & other biological life. Concrete must be designed & constructed to highest engineering standards to prevent weathering & rusting of the reinforcements & spalling of the concrete. Steel, without protection, corrodes & do not last long in the coastal environment.

Windmills, Ilocos Norte

ENEMY NO. 1:

WIND

Wind is the approximate horizontal movement of air masses across the earths surface. Winds result from changes in the temperature of the atmosphere & the corresponding changes in air density. Wind exerts pressure against objects in its path which depends on the wind velocity. Considerable judgment is required in computing wind forces on coastal structures & port facilities. It should be remembered that loading equipment generally will not be used when the winds exceed about 15mph, & ships usually will not remain alongside a wharf during a severe storm.

Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte

Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Ilocos Norte

ENEMY NO. 2:

WAVES

While other structures must accommodate wind loads, in coastal design, our interest in wind lies in its contribution to formation of waves. Waves may be caused by earthquakes, tides & manmade disturbance like explosions & moving vessels. But the principal interest are waves created by winds. When wind moves across still body of water, it exerts tangential force that results to small ripples. These irregularities tend to produce changes in air stream near the water surface. Pressure differentials in the air stream are formed which cause water surface to undulate. At the wind continues, this process is repeated & the waves grow.

Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Ilocos Norte

Kapurpurawan Rock Formation, Ilocos Norte

ENEMY NO. 3:

CURRENTS

Much of water movement, as in waves, occurs in form rather than in translation of water particles, since water is viscous, however, the rotating particles that constitute waves do not return to its original position but rather drift in the direction of the wave movement. This flow, which occurs at a velocity smaller than the velocity of the wave itself, is called current.

Sunset, Pagudpud, Ilocos Norte

ENEMY NO. 4:

TIDES

The tide is the alternate rising & falling of the surface of the oceans, gulfs, bays & coastal rivers caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon & sun. Larger-than-usual tides called spring tides occur when the sun & moon act in combination as when there is new moon or full moon. Smaller-than-usual tides called neap tides occur when the moon is at first or third quarter.

Other factors that influence tides: Geographical location Physical character of the coastline Atmospheric pressure Currents

Life HACKS

Pro Deo, Familia et Patria

The End