EE 425

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

NOVEMBER 2012

ENGR. D. ALPIS

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POWER PLANT
A power station or power plant is a facility for the generation of electric power. 'Power plant' is also used to refer to the engine in ships, aircraft and other large vehicles. Some prefer to use the term energy center because it is more accurately describes what the plants do, which is the conversion of other forms of energy, like chemical energy, gravitational potential energy or heat energy into electrical energy.

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POWER PLANT
At the center of nearly all power stations is a generator, a rotating machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by creating relative motion between a magnetic field and a conductor. The energy source harnessed to turn the generator varies widely. It depends chiefly on what fuels are easily available and the types of technology that the power company has access to.

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POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

Art of designing and installing generating plant that will result in maximum return on investment (profit) over the expected life of the equipment. And also operating this equipment to achieve reliable, continuous and cheap power service. POWER PLANT ENGINEERING A station or establishment which houses the prime-movers, electric generators and auxiliaries, for conversion of mechanical, chemical and/ or nuclear energy into electrical energy.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT CLASSIFICATION

1. By FUEL a. NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS use a nuclear reactors heat to operate a steam turbine generator.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT CLASSIFICATION

b. FOSSIL FUEL POWERED PLANTS may also used a steam turbine generator or a NATURAL GAS fired plants may use a combustion turbine.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT CLASSIFICATION

c. GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANTS uses steam extracted from hot underground rocks.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT CLASSIFICATION

d. RENEWABLE ENERGY PLANTS maybe fuelled by waste from sugar cane, municipal solid waste, landfill or methane or other forms of Biomass. 2. By PRIME MOVER

a. STEAM TURBINE plants use the pressure generated by expanding steam to turn the blades of a turbine. b. GAS TURBINE plants use the heat from gases to directly operate the turbine. Natural gas fuelled turbine plants can start rapidly and so are used to supply "peak" energy during periods of high demand, though at higher cost than base-loaded plants.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT CLASSIFICATION

c. COMBINED CYCLE plants have both a gas turbine fired by natural gas, and a steam boiler and steam turbine which use the exhaust gas from the gas turbine to produce electricity. This greatly increases the overall efficiency of the plant, and most new base-load power plants are combined cycle plants fired by natural gas.
d. Internal combustion Reciprocating Engines are used to provide power for isolated communities and are frequently used for small co-generation plants. Hospitals, office buildings, industrial plants, and other critical facilities also use them to provide backup power in case of a power outage. These are usually fuelled by diesel oil, heavy oil, natural gas and landfill gas.

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THERMAL POWER PLANT CLASSIFICATION

e. MICROTURBINES, STIRLING ENGINES and internal combustion reciprocating engines are low cost solutions for using opportunity fuels, such as landfill gas, digester gas from water treatment plants and waste gas from oil production.

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OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY

Other power stations use the energy from wave or tidal motion, wind, sunlight or the energy of falling water, hydroelectricity. These types of energy sources are called renewable energy. Hydro Electric Power Plant an electric generating station using flowing waters to drive the prime-movers (hydraulic turbines) either impulse or reaction type.

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TWO TYPES OF HYDRAULIC TURBINES a) Impulse Type use for high-heads and low volume, example is the Pelton wheel. b) Reaction Type use for low-heads and high volume, examples are Francis and Kaplan.
TYPES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT

a) Run-of-river using pondage or steam flow as it occurs, more power can be generated in a rainy season than in dry season. b) Plant with storage capacity associated with a large water reservoir. This permits regulated supply of water so that the power output is constant throughout the year.

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TYPES OF HYDRO-ELECTRIC PLANT

c) Pump-storage Plant where energy is generated during periods of high system demand using water which has been pumped into a reservoir usually during periods of relatively low system demands.

3. Diesel Power Plant a plant of internal combustion engine (ICE) prime-mover using diesel as fuel in producing energy. 4. Windmill Plant using a series of windmills as prime-mover.

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OTHER SOURCES OF ENERGY

5. Sea waves / Ocean Tides Plant makes use of the natural rising of tide to simulate flowing water. 6. Solar or Photo-Voltaic Plant chemical conversion of radiant energy of the sun to electric (dc) energy.

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Types of Power Plant (As to Use)

1. Base-Load Plant plant that assumed load requirements under normal conditions. 2. Peaking Plant plant that is normally operated to provide power only during peak load periods.

3. Regulating Plant plant capable of carrying load for the time interval either during off-peak or peak periods and usually responds to changes in system frequency.
4. Reserve or Stand by Plant for peak or system deficiencies.

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TYPES OF PLANT RESERVES

a) Cold Reserve portion of the installed reserve kept in operable condition and available for service but not for immediate loading. b) Operating Reserve refers to capacity in actual service in excess of peak loads. c) Hot reserve refers to units available, maintained at operating temperature and ready for service although not in actual operation. d) Spinning Reserve generating capacity connected to the bus ready to take load.

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THERMAL EFFICIENCY (et)

e = Heat equivalent of mechanical energy transmitted to the turbine Heat of fuel combustion

Wnet Q A - QR QR Tcold = = = 1= 1QA QA QA Thot

where : Wnet = Wt - WP
Overall Efficiency (eo)

Heat Equivalent of Electrical Output = Heat of Fuel Combustion

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THERMAL EFFICIENCY (et)

= e t x eg

where : e g = electrical efficiency = alternator efficiency

HEAT RATE (HR)

HR =

xK

where : K = constant conversation factor

Values of K based from the following Conversion Factor
1 KWh = 3600 KJ 1 HP hr = 2545 BTU 1 kWh = 3413 BTU 1 KWh = 860 Kcal.

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IMPORTANT TERMS AND PLANT FACTORS:

1. Connected Load (CL) it is the sum of all continuous rating of all utilization equipment in the consumer premises connected to the supply system. 2. Maximum Demand (or Peak Load) (MD) it is the greatest demand of load on the power station during a given period. 3. Average Load (AL) the average of loads occurring on the power station in a given period, sometimes called average demand.

Total Energy Produced TEP Average Load AL = Period

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IMPORTANT TERMS AND PLANT FACTORS:

4. Demand Factor (DF) it is the ratio of maximum demand on the power station to its connected load.

Demand Factor DF = MD 1.0 CL

5. Diversity Factor (Div F) the ratio of the sum of individual maximum demand to the simultaneous maximum demand on the power station.

Div. Factor DF =

MD's 1.0 simulataneous MD

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IMPORTANT TERMS AND PLANT FACTORS:

6. Coincidence Factor (CO. F) reciprocal of diversity factor.

1 Co. Factor Co.F = simulataneous MD = 1.0 MD's Div. Factor

7.Load Factor (LF) it is the ratio of average load to the maximum demand during a given period.

L.F. =

Average Load = TEP MaximumDemand M.D. x Sr

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IMPORTANT TERMS AND PLANT FACTORS:

8.Capacity Factor (CF) it is the ratio of actual energy produced to the maximum possible energy that could have been produced during a given period.
C.F. = TEP I.C. x P r

9.Nameplate or Capacity Rating is the ability to carry load under conditions specify by the manufacturer.
10. Capability Rating is the maximum output of equipment obtained by test under specific operating condition (not specified by manufacturer)

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IMPORTANT TERMS AND PLANT FACTORS:

11. Plant Use (or Output) Factor it is the ratio of the energy generated to the product of plant capacity and the number of hours for which the plant was in operation.

P.U.F =

TEP I.C. x Sr