(The Evolution of Software-as-a

service)
 Definition
 Evolution
Mainframes
Cluster Computing
Grid Computing
Utility Computing
Cloud computing
 Its working…….\
 Conclusion
Cloud Computing is a general concept that
incorporates software as a service (SaaS), Web
2.0 and other recent, well-known technology
trends, in which the common theme is reliance
on the Internet for satisfying the computing
needs of the users.
“Cloud computing is a computing paradigm
shift where computing is moved away from
personal computers or an individual
application server to a “cloud” of computers.
This method of distributed computing is done
through pooling all computer resources
together and being managed by software rather
than a human.“
MAINFRAMES
CLUSTER COMPUTING
GRID COMPUTING
UTILITY COMPUTING
CLOUD COMPUTING
A computer cluster is a group of linked
computers, working together closely so that
in many respects they form a single
computer. The components of a cluster are
commonly, but not always, connected to
each other through fast local area networks.
Clusters are usually deployed to improve
performance and/or availability over that
provided by a single computer, while
typically being much more cost-effective
than single computers of comparable speed
or availability
High-availability clusters operate by having
redundant nodes, which are then used to
provide service when system components fail.
Load-balancing clusters operate by
distributing a workload evenly over multiple
back end nodes.
They are homogenous
Often clusters are used for primarily
computational purposes and Provide
supercomputing power
When more computing power is needed it is
very difficult to provide as we need to change
the cluster size and topology.

Cluster computing is not suitable for

applications developed in large organizations
which are heterogeneous.
Grid computing (or the use of a computational
grid) is applying the resources of many
computers in a network to a single problem at
the same time - usually to a scientific or
technical problem that requires a great number
of computer processing cycles or access to large
amounts of data.
Grid computing requires the use of
software that can divide and farm out
pieces of a program to as many as several
thousand computers.
Grid computing appears to be a promising
trend for following reasons:

(1) its ability to make more cost-effective use of

a given amount of computer resources,

(2) as a way to solve problems that can't be

approached without an enormous amount of
computing power
In some grid computing systems, the
computers may collaborate rather than being
directed by one managing computer. One
likely area for the use of grid computing will be
pervasive computing applications - those in
which computers pervade our environment
without our necessary awareness.
There are many companies that rely on
grid computing to bring services to their
customers, and can provide effective
solutions for commercial, academic and
personal problems.
Both cluster and grid computing needs
software , hardware and others related to
networking , their setup’s and
installations and their maintenance.
Utility computing is the packaging of
computing resources, such as computation and
storage, as a metered service similar to a
traditional public utility (such as electricity,
water, natural gas, or telephone network). This
system has the advantage of a low or no initial
cost to acquire hardware; instead,
computational resources are essentially rented
Pay-per-usage processing provided by a service
organization that uses its own computers and
facilities. Also called "on demand computing,"
customers access the computers via a private
network or over the Internet and are charged for
the amount of computing time they use, such as
CPU seconds, minutes or hours.

The definition of "utility computing" is sometimes

extended to specialized tasks, such as web
services.
What’s the biggest headache you face when
working with your computer? The answer may
very well be “the computer itself.” System
crashes, data loss, hard drive failure - there’s a
never ending parade of problems. There’s a
new movement afoot in the tech industry that
promises to take some of those headaches
away, and it’s called “cloud computing.”
Cloud computing is a technology where big
companies like Google, Amazon, Microsoft, IBM,
Salesforce and many, many others allow you to
use their computers to host your applications.
Instead of managing server farms and the
associated headaches like software patching,
database synchronization, increasing resources as
the demand grows you can create applications
where you are simply charged more as you use
more resources - bandwidth, memory and disk
usage.
Millions of PC users already rely on Web
applications that either provide a service or
store data. For instance, Yahoo and Google do
their own forms of cloud computing, offering
popular e-mail programs and photo-sharing
sites that are accessible through a Web browser
from any PC anywhere.
If you have a Web-only e- mail account, for
example, you’re part of the cloud computing
movement. Most Yahoo! Mail or Gmail users, for
example, retrieve, read, and compose their e-mail
online, over the Internet. Without the cloud, they
have no access to either the e-mail application or
the e- mail itself.
Google Docs - with its very capable and free online
word processor, spreadsheet, and presentation
program - is an example of traditional office
applications that operate in a cloud computing
model.
Google, the most visible example, took cloud
computing a step further last October and
directly challenged Microsoft by offering a
suite of free word-processing and spreadsheet
software over a browser
Microsoft is a late entrant to a set of businesses
that are largely defined as Web 2.0, but It plans
to give away some of its services, like photo-
sharing and disk storage, while charging for
others like its computer security service and a
series of business-oriented services aimed at
small and medium-size organizations.
In essence, cloud computing refers to a model
in which the applications you use and the files
you save are stored on remote servers. You
access those applications and files with your
PC, over a network, and in many cases, that
network is the Internet.
Cloud computing is actually not a new concept
- it’s an old one that’s been made relevant
again by the increasing availability of computer
networks, particularly the Internet, and by the
spread of “always on” broadband connections.
There are many. As a computer user, you
would no longer be dependent on one
particular computer to access and work on
your data. So long as you have a connection to
your data through a network - you can retrieve
your files and pick up where you left off. That’s
becoming increasingly important today, as
people crave more mobility.
You also wouldn’t have to worry about
maintaining your applications or your files,
and your concerns over the health of your local
hardware would be lessened. The safety of
your data is less dependent upon the health of
your computer’s hardware in a cloud
computing model: a hard drive crash in your
notebook computer,
Your computer itself could become smaller and
lighter if you’re using it in a cloud computing
environment. You would no longer need the
investment in lots of local storage. A smaller,
lighter computer means less energy used as
well. For companies, the energy savings alone
can be tremendous.
There are currently no standards
The system architecture will be different and
things like backups will be managed
differently. Basically you have to perform a lot
of services that many times are done by a
hosting company or your IT staff.
Nevertheless, if you are looking at building a
system that may ramp up rapidly in its
resource consumption you may want to
consider cloud computing
If you do not have consistent, reliable access to
the network on which your applications and
data reside, cloud computing will be
uninteresting to you. It’s definitely a model
that asks computer users to think differently,
and it will take some time to get used to.
Beyond that, though, there are some significant
concerns about data security in the world of
cloud computing. Gobs of data stored offsite in
large “datacenters” represent an attractive
target for hackers and others who see
information as power. Companies need to feel
secure about how their data is being protected
Also, reliability is still a concern. If the network
goes down - or if your connection to the network
goes down - your data is inaccessible until the
problem is fixed. Further, if there’s a glitch or
shutdown of the datacenter at which your
applications and data reside, you’re out of luck
until the problem is fixed.
Also, while cloud computing would theoretically
be greener from your vantage point, all that data
and all those applications have to be stored
somewhere, on machines that are always on and
sucking huge amounts of energy.
Yes. Today’s netbooks are, in essence, cloud
computers. Asus’s Eee PC and Dell’s Inspiron
Mini are two examples of notebooks designed
primarily with network connectivity in mind.
Light on local storage, these first-generation
“cloud computers” point to a future in which
the heavy lifting of data and application
storage and management is done remotely.
Cloud computing increases profitability by
improving resource utilization.

Cloud computing allows individuals, teams,

and organizations to streamline procurement
processes and eliminate the need to duplicate
certain computer administrative skills related
to setup, configuration, and support.
Quries?????
thank you