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Culture Documents
2
4t
( )
2
d
2
L
47
PHY Layer Models
Two-Ray Ground Reflection Model
ht = Height of transmitter
hr = Height of receiver
dc = Crossover Distance
Use above only if d > dc
P
r
(d) =
P
t
G
t
G
r
h
t
2
h
r
2
d
4
L
d
c
= (4th
t
h
r
) /
48
PHY Layer Models
Shadowing Model
d0 = Close-in Distance
= Path loss exponent
XdB = Log-Normal Random
Variable
P
r
(d)
P
r
(d
0
)
(
(
dB
= 10|log
d
d
0
|
\
|
.
|
X
dB
49
Kotz Wireless Assumptions
The world is flat
Radio transmission range is circular
All radios have equal range
If I can hear you, you can hear me
Symmetry
If I can hear you at all, I can hear you
perfectly
Signal strength is a simple function of
distance
50
Kotz Antenna Angle
51
Kotz Conditional Rx Probability
52
Kotz Rx Probability vs.
Distance
53
Kotz Rx Signal Strength
54
Aguayo - Cambridge Roofnet Map
55
Packet Delivery Map 1
56
Packet Delivery Map 2
57
Packet Delivery Map 3
58
Delivery Fraction
59
Effect of Foreign Packets
60
Reddy Measurement Study
Single base station, sending constant beacons
Single laptop receiver, at varying distances from the base
station
Garmin V GPS on the laptop, reporting position
Two different wireless chip sets
RaLink
Atheros
Hack Linux drivers to record retry statistics and received
signal strength indications
Disable rate adaptation algorithms
High RTS threshold to disable RTS/CTS exchange
Constant Tx power of 20dBm
Operate in IEEE 802.11 Channel 16
61
Reddy Mobility Pattern
62
Reddy RSS Measurement
Results
63
Reddy Results (Antenna
Angle)
64
Reddy Measurement, Average
RSS
65
PHY Layer Models
Stochastic
Compute Pr(d) (Sk(t)) with Friis Model
SNIR(k, t) =
S
k
(t)
N
i
(k, t) +N
f
N
i
(k, t) = S(m, t)
m=k