Formulation of Two-Dimensional

Elasticity Problems

Professor M. H. Sadd



Simplified Elasticity Formulations
Displacement Formulation
Eliminate the stresses and strains
from the general system of equations.
This generates a system of three
equations for the three unknown
displacement components.

Stress Formulation
Eliminate the displacements and
strains from the general system of
equations. This generates a system of
six equations and for the six unknown
stress components.

The General System of Elasticity Field Equations
of 15 Equations for 15 Unknowns I s Very Difficult
to Solve for Most Meaningful Problems, and So
Modified Formulations Have Been Developed.
Solution to Elasticity Problems
F(z)
G(x,y)
z
x
y
Even Using Displacement and Stress Formulations
Three-Dimensional Problems Are Difficult to Solve!
So Most Solutions Are Developed for Two-Dimensional Problems
Two and Three Dimensional Problems
x
y
z
x
y
z
Three-Dimensional
Two-Dimensional
x
y
z
Spherical Cavity
Two-Dimensional Formulation
x
y
z
R
x
y
z
R
2h
Plane Strain
Plane Stress
0 , ) , ( , ) , ( = = = w y x v v y x u u
0
) , (
) , (
) , (
= t = t = o
t = t
o = o
o = o
yz xz z
xy xy
y y
x x
y x
y x
y x
<< other dimensions
Examples of Plane Strain Problems
x
y
z
x
y
z
P
Long Cylinders
Under Uniform Loading
Semi-I nfinite Regions
Under Uniform Loadings
Examples of Plane Stress Problems
Thin Plate With
Central Hole
Circular Plate Under
Edge Loadings
Plane Strain Formulation
0
2
1
, ,
= = =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
yz xz z
xy y x
e e e
x
v
y
u
e
y
v
e
x
u
e
Strain-Displacement
0 , 2
) ( ) (
2 ) (
2 ) (
= t = t = t
o + o v = + = o
+ + = o
+ + = o
yz xz xy xy
y x y x z
y y x y
x y x x
e
e e
e e e
e e e
Hookes Law
0 , ) , ( , ) , ( = = = w y x v v y x u u
Plane Strain Formulation
0 ) (
0 ) (
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ + V
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ + V
y
x
F
y
v
x
u
y
v
F
y
v
x
u
x
u
Displacement Formulation
0
0
= +
c
o c
+
c
t c
= +
c
t c
+
c
o c
y
y xy
x
xy
x
F
y x
F
y x
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
v
= o + o V
y
F
x
F
y
x
y x
1
1
) (
2
Stress Formulation
R
S
o
S
i
S = S
i
+ S
o
x

y

Plane Strain Example
0
) ( ) (
0 2 ) (
1
) 1 ( 2
2
) 2 1 )( 1 (
) 2 1 )( 1 (
2 ) (
:
0 ,
) 1 (
,
1
:
0 ,
) 1 (
,
1
,
2
2
2
= t = t = t
vo = o + o v = + = o
= + + = o
o =
|
|
.
|

\
|
o
v

v +
+
|
.
|

\
|
o
v v +

v v +
v
=
+ + = o
= = = = o
v + v
=
c
c
= o
v
=
c
c
=
= o
v + v
= o
v
=
yz xz xy
o y x y x z
y y x y
o
o o
x y x x
z zx yz xy o y o x
o o
e e
e e e
E
E
E
E
e e e
e e e e
E y
v
e
E x
u
e
w y
E
v x
E
u
Stresses
Strains
Stresses and Strains the Determine nts Displaceme Following the Given
Plane Stress Formulation
Hookes Law
0 ,
1
) (
1
) (
) (
1
) (
1
= = t
v +
=
+
v
v
= o + o
v
=
vo o =
vo o =
yz xz xy xy
y x y x z
x y y
y x x
e e
E
e
e e
E
e
E
e
E
e
Strain-Displacement
0
2
1
0
2
1
2
1
, ,
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
x
w
z
u
e
y
w
z
v
e
x
v
y
u
e
z
w
e
y
v
e
x
u
e
xz
yz
xy
z y x
0 , ) , ( , ) , ( , ) , ( = t = t = o t = t o = o o = o
yz xz z xy xy y y x x
y x y x y x
Note plane stress theory normally neglects some of the
strain-displacement and compatibility equations.
Plane Stress Formulation
R
S
o
S
i
S = S
i
+ S
o
x

y

Displacement Formulation
0
) 1 ( 2
0
) 1 ( 2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
v
+ V
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
v
+ V
y
x
F
y
v
x
u
y
E
v
F
y
v
x
u
x
E
u
0
0
= +
c
o c
+
c
t c
= +
c
t c
+
c
o c
y
y xy
x
xy
x
F
y x
F
y x
Stress Formulation
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
v + = o + o V
y
F
x
F
y
x
y x
) 1 ( ) (
2
Correspondence Between Plane Problems
Plane Strain Plane Stress
0 ) (
0 ) (
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ + V
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+ + V
y
x
F
y
v
x
u
y
v
F
y
v
x
u
x
u
0
0
= +
c
o c
+
c
t c
= +
c
t c
+
c
o c
y
y xy
x
xy
x
F
y x
F
y x
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
v
= o + o V
y
F
x
F
y
x
y x
1
1
) (
2
0
) 1 ( 2
0
) 1 ( 2
2
2
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
v
+ V
= +
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
v
+ V
y
x
F
y
v
x
u
y
E
v
F
y
v
x
u
x
E
u
0
0
= +
c
o c
+
c
t c
= +
c
t c
+
c
o c
y
y xy
x
xy
x
F
y x
F
y x
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
v + = o + o V
y
F
x
F
y
x
y x
) 1 ( ) (
2
Elastic Moduli Transformation Relations for Conversion
Between Plane Stress and Plane Strain Problems
2
1 v
E
v
v
1
2
) 1 (
) 2 1 (
v +
v + E
v +
v
1


E v
Plane Stress to Plane Strain
Plane Strain to Plane Stress
Plane Strain
Plane Stress
Therefore the solution to one plane problem also yields the solution
to the other plane problem through this simple transformation
Airy Stress Function Method
Plane Problems with No Body Forces
0
0
=
c
o c
+
c
t c
=
c
t c
+
c
o c
y x
y x
y xy
xy
x
0 ) (
2
= o + o V
y x
Stress Formulation
y x x y
xy y x
c c
| c
= t
c
| c
= o
c
| c
= o
2
2
2
2
2
, ,
Airy Representation
0 2
4
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
= | V =
c
| c
+
c c
| c
+
c
| c
y y x x
Biharmonic Governing Equation
(Single Equation with Single Unknown)
Polar Coordinate Formulation

|
.
|

\
|

c
c
+
u c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
u c
c
+ =
c
c
=
u u
u
u
u
r
u
r
u u
r
e
u
u
r
e
r
u
e
r
r
r
r
r
1
2
1
1
,
Strain-Displacement
0 , 2
) ( ) (
2 ) (
2 ) (
= t = t = t
o + o v = + = o
+ + = o
+ + = o
u u u
u u
u u u
u
rz z r r
r r z
r
r r r
e
e e
e e e
e e e
Strain Plane
0 ,
1
) (
1
) (
) (
1
) (
1

= = t
v +
=
+
v
v
= o + o
v
=
vo o =
vo o =
u u u
u u
u u
u
rz z r r
r r z
r
r r
e e
E
e
e e
E
e
E
e
E
e
Stress Plane
Hookes Law
0
2 1
0
) ( 1
r
r
= +
t
+
u c
o c
+
c
t c
= +
o o
+
u c
t c
+
c
o c
u
u u u
u u
F
r r r
F
r r r
r
r
r r
Equilibrium Equations
|
.
|

\
|
u c
| c
c
c
= t
c
| c
= o
u c
| c
+
c
| c
= o
u
u
r r
r
r r r
r
r
1
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
Airy Representation
x
1
x
2
u
r
o
u
o
dr
r
r
r
c
o c
+ o
u
t
r
r u
t
u
u c
o c
+ o
u
u
d
dr
r
r
r
c
t c
+ t
u
u
u
u c
t c
+ t
u
u
d
r
r
r
F
u
F
dr
rdu
du
0
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
4
= |
|
|
.
|

\
|
u c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
u c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= | V
r r r r r r r r
Solutions to Plane Problems
Cartesian Coordinates
y x x y
xy y x
c c
| c
= t
c
| c
= o
c
| c
= o
2
2
2
2
2
, ,
Airy Representation
0 2
4
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
= | V =
c
| c
+
c c
| c
+
c
| c
y y x x
Biharmonic Governing Equation
) , ( , ) , ( y x f T y x f T
y y x x
= =
Traction Boundary Conditions
R
S
x

y

Solutions to Plane Problems
Polar Coordinates
R
S
) , ( , ) , ( u = u =
u u
r f T r f T
r r
Traction Boundary Conditions
Airy Representation
|
.
|

\
|
u c
| c
c
c
= t
c
| c
= o
u c
| c
+
c
| c
= o
u u
r r r r r r
r r
1
, ,
1 1
2
2
2
2
2
Biharmonic Governing Equation
0
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
2
4
= |
|
|
.
|

\
|
u c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|

\
|
u c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= | V
r r r r r r r r
x

y

u
r

-

Cartesian Coordinate Solutions
Using Polynomial Stress Functions
0 2
4
4
2 2
4
4
4
=
c
| c
+
c c
| c
+
c
| c
y y x x
+ + + + + + = = |

=
2
02 11
2
20 01 10 00
0 0
) , ( y A xy A x A y A x A A y x A y x
m n
n m
mn
y x x y
xy y x
c c
| c
= t
c
| c
= o
c
| c
= o
2
2
2
2
2
, ,
terms do not contribute to the stresses and are therefore dropped
1 s +n m
terms will automatically satisfy the biharmonic equation
3 s +n m
terms require constants A
mn
to be related in order to satisfy biharmonic equation 3 > +n m
Solution method limited to problems where boundary traction conditions
can be represented by polynomials or where more complicated boundary
conditions can be replaced by a statically equivalent loading
Stress Function Example
) (
6
, 0
) (
6
:
) 2 3 (
:
3
2
2
2
3 2
2
2
3
y d y
d
F
y x x
y d x
d
F
y
y d xy
d
F
xy y
x
=
c c
| c
= t =
c
| c
= o
=
c
| c
= o
= |
Stresses the Determine
Function Stress Following the Consider
Appears to Solve the Beam Problem:
x
y
d F