Understanding Sound Waves,Ultrasound and the Electromagnetic Spectrum

Physics Revision Lesson 2

In this lesson you will revisit:

Sound waves !particularly ultrasound"# Seismic Waves $he Electromagnetic Spectrum

Sound Waves
%an &e re'lected and re'racted# Echoes are due to re'lected sound# $he amplitude o' a sound wave is a measure o' how much energy is &eing carried# (igger amplitude means louder sound# )re*uency o' a sound determines its pitch# )re*uency is measured in hert+# ,igh 're*uency leads to high pitch and vice versa#

Wave $races

A high pitch sound.

A low pitch sound.

A quiet sound.

A louder sound.

Ultrasound
$his is sound with a higher 're*uency than we can hear, i#e# a&ove 2---- ,+# Uses include: industrial cleaning, &rea.ing down .idney stones, industrial *uality control, scanning o' un&orn &a&ies and S/01R#

Using #ound Waves $ Ultrasound

Ultrasound has many uses, especially in medicine where it is used to scan the foetus.

A louder sound.

1 wee!s

" wee!s

Why do doctors ultrasound to scan the and foetus not X rays are more use energetic and penetrating areand a lot more X rays which give a clearer picture? dangerous, they could cause damage to the growing baby.

#eismic Waves %&arthqua!e Waves'

(uring an earthqua!e the two types of wave that are released from the epicentre are primary waves %p)waves' and secondary waves %s)waves'. *rimary or p)waves are the fastest. +hey are longitudinal in nature and when they hit the surface they ma!e ob,ects and buildings vibrate vertically. +hey can travel through solids and liquids. #econdary or s)waves are the slowest. +hey are transverse in nature and when they hit the surface they ma!e ob,ects and buildings vibrate hori-ontally. +hey can only travel through solids.

&arth2s #tructure 2ou will need to .now how seismic waves can tell us a&out the Earth3s structure#

.uter core /rust 0antle 1nner core

&lectromagnetic #pectrum
Although all e)m waves travel at the same speed, their wavelength 34 and frequency 354 can be different.

Waves that coo! food.

Waves that cause sun)tans.

+he properties, dangers and uses of e)m waves depends on the wavelength 34.

&lectromagnetic #pectrum

Wavelength %' increases

Gate X of a phrase Usually Lets Inremember M ostorder? Radiation /an you thin! that would help you 7ow frequency this :igh frequency :ighfrequency frequency 7ow 7ong wavelength #hort wavelength :igh energy 0ost penetrating #hort wavelength wavelength 7ong :ighenergy energy 7ow 0ost penetrating 7east penetrating 7ow energy 7east penetrating

9amma

X rays

Ultra) 8iolet

7ight

1nfra) 6ed

0icro

6adio

&lectromagnetic #pectrum

Uses and dangers of &0 radiation

6esearch the uses and dangers of the various radiations$

6adiation 9amma X)rays Ultraviolet 7ight 1nfra red 0icrowaves 6adio waves

Uses

(angers

&0 6adiation$
9amma

Uses$
;ills harmful bacteria in food, sterilising surgical equipment, !illing cancer cells. :igh doses can !ill cells. 7ower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.

(angers$

&0 6adiation$
X rays

Uses$
#hadow pictures of luggage and inside the human body.

:ow do hospital wor!ers limit their e<posure to 9amma and X rays? :ospital wor!ers limit e<posure to 9amma and X rays by standing behind lead shields or by leaving the room when the radiations are being used.

(angers$

:igh doses can !ill cells. 7ower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.

X rays
:ow are X rays slides formed?

X rays can penetrate soft tissue but not b=====. X one rays are a======= bsorbed more by some materials than others. *======== hotographic f==== ilm is used to detect X rays.

&0 6adiation$
Ultraviolet

Uses$
#un beds, fluorescent lamps and security mar!ing.

Which type of radiation is the most dangerous? +he higher the frequency of the radiation, the more dangerous it is. #o gamma is more dangerous than X rays or ultraviolet.

:igh doses can !ill cells. 7ower doses can cause cells to become cancerous.

(angers$

&ffects of &0 radiation on living cells

1nfra red radiation iscan used in toasters, and radiant Ultraviolet radiation pass through grills s!in to deeper heaters. tissues. What effect effect do do you you thin! thin! the it has on your s!in? What colour of the s!in has on the amount of radiation that passes through it?

+he dar!er the s!in, the more ultraviolet radiation is absorbed, the less can reach into deeper soft tissues.

&0 6adiation$
7ight

Uses$
#eeing and endoscopes

(angers$
>lindness

&0 6adiation$
1nfrared

Uses$
6emote controls %+8?8/6', radiant heaters, grills, optical fibre communication, night vision. #!in burns

(angers$

@ight vision All ob,ects above absolute -ero emit infrared radiation. +he hotter an ob,ect is, the more heat radiation it emits. #ome animals and cameras can detect infrared radiation and are able to build up a heat picture.

Which are the hottest?coolest parts of the image shown? light is hot

dar! is cold

&0 6adiation$
0icrowaves

Uses$
#atellite communication, mobile phone networ!s, coo!ing, 6A(A6.

(angers$
1nternal tissue heating.

0icrowaves
:ow do microwaves coo! foods? 0icrowaves can be used in c===== oo!ing because many foods ater molecules. contain w==== 0icrowaves of the right avelength are able to ma!e w======== the water molecules r=======. esonate +his causes the food to get h====. otter

6adio waves

&0 6adiation$
6adio waves

Uses$
/ommunication and astronomy.

(angers$

6adio waves
:ow do radio signals from the U; reach around the globe?

+he longer wavelength radio waves from a transmitter reflect off the &arth2s outer atmosphere %ionosphere'.

9etting hotter
1f electromagnetic radiation is incident upon a material what effects could it have? An alternating current could be induced in the material, with the same frequency as the incident radiation. +he temperature of the material could increase.

245 % 6-5 7-5 8-5

What is the upper range of human hearing?

A. " :>. " /. " (. " :::-

What causes all sounds?

A. 8ibrations >. 6eflections /. 6efractions (. :eat

Which of the following can sound not travel through?

A. 7iquid >. 8acuum /. #olid (. 9as

A ship releases an echo sounding and A seconds later receives a signal from the seabed, how deep is the sea? (speed of sound in water is 1500 m/s)

A. B

>. CDEm /. DE m (. C m

Which of the following is not a use of ultrasound? A. *renatal scanning >. Fuality control in industry /. /leaning delicate machinery (. /oo!ing food

&0 Fuestions
1' 0atch up the following parts of the electromagnetic spectrum with their uses $

9amma rays 6adio waves Ultra 8iolet 8isible 0icrowaves X rays 1nfra 6ed

Allow us to see 6emote /ontrols G#ee2 bro!en bones /arry +8 signals 6A(A6 #terilise equipment /auses sun)tans

&0 Fuestions
"' Which radiations are missing from below?

9amma

Ultraviolet

7ight

1nfrared

>

6adio waves

A. =========== X rays >. =========== 0icrowaves