COMP L02 MacroModeling

Macroscopic Modeling
Lecture 2
L2.2
Analysis of Composite Materials with Abaqus
Overview
Introduction
Some Notes on Anisotropic Elasticity
Thermal Expansion
Material Orientation
Almost Incompressible Behavior

Introduction
L2.4
Introduction
In this technique the composite is modeled as a single orthotropic
material or a single fully anisotropic material.
The composite is usually considered elastic.
In addition, Hills anisotropic plasticity model is sometimes used to
model inelastic deformation.
The reinforcements and elements do not need to be aligned.
The deformation field is homogeneous.

L2.5
Introduction
Macroscopic analysis is used to model the overall behavior of structural
components built out of composites.
Nonlinear material behavior and local failure often are not
considered because of the complex nature of modeling these
effects
Note: Abaqus does have progressive damage and
delamination/decohesion modeling capabilities, if these effects
are important.
Structural failure (buckling and collapse) is commonly studied
without taking into account material failure such as delamination.
Post-analysis checks are used to establish whether this approach is
acceptable.

L2.7
For the macroscopic modeling of elastic composites, it is essential to
define anisotropic elasticity coefficients accurately.
Improper specification leads to incorrect results or can even lead to
loss of material stability.
In Abaqus several types of anisotropic elastic behavior are available.
All anisotropic models have the general form

where D = D(u, f
i
) is a symmetric matrix with a maximum
dimension of 6 6, u = temperature, f
i
= predefined field variables,
and c
th
= c
th
(u ) is the strain due to thermal expansion.

( ) ( )
:
th th
ij ijkl kl kl
D o c c = = D or . o c c
L2.8
The anisotropic elastic moduli are defined
in Abaqus using linear elasticity.
The elasticity matrix D is defined for:
The various material symmetries:
lamina, orthotropic, and anisotropic
Different temperatures and field
variables
Since Abaqus provides a convenient
material orientation option, material
symmetries generally are used to the
analysts advantage by specifying the
materials elastic properties, even though
the symmetries are not aligned with the
global axes.
*MATERIAL, name=Material-1
*ELASTIC, TYPE=...
L2.9
The different anisotropic input options for linear elastic behavior are:
*ELASTIC, TYPE=ENGINEERING CONSTANTS
This option is for orthotropic materials.
It requires E
1
, E
2
, E
3
, v
12
, v
13
, v
23
, G
12
, G
13
, G
23
.

L2.10
*ELASTIC, TYPE=LAMINA
This is the same as TYPE=ENGINEERING CONSTANTS but is
used specifically for plane stress, such as in laminated shells.
It requires specification of E
1
, E
2
, v
12
, G
12
, G
13
, G
23
.
L2.11
1111 1122 1133
2222 2233
3333
1212
1313
2323
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0
sym 0
D D D
D D
D
D
D
D
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

*ELASTIC, TYPE=ORTHOTROPIC
Requires direct specification of all nonzero terms in the D
matrix for the orthotropic case:
L2.12
1111 1122 1133 1112 1113 1123
2222 2233 2212 2213 2223
3333 3312 3313 3323
1212 1213 1223
1313 1323
2323
sym
D D D D D D
D D D D D
D D D D
D D D
D D
D
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

*ELASTIC, TYPE=ANISOTROPIC
Requires direct specification of all nonzero terms in the D
matrix for the completely anisotropic case:
L2.13
For an orthotropic material with engineering constants, the Poissons
ratios, v
ij
, obey the following relations:

or in expanded form,

where

is the Poissons ratio that defines the transverse strain in the j-direction
when the material is stressed in the i-direction.
ij ji
i j
E E
v v
=
13 31 23 32 12 21
1 2 1 3 2 3
E E E E E E
v v v v v v
= = = , , ,
j
ij
i
c
v
c
=
L2.14
The user should be careful in distinguishing between v
ij
and v
ji
.
For example, to determine v
12
and v
21
we do the following two simple
uniaxial tests:

L2.15
For an orthotropic material the engineering constants define the D
matrix as:

where

( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1111 1 23 32
2222 2 13 31
3333 3 12 21
1122 1 21 31 23 2 12 32 13
1133 1 31 21 32 3 13 12 23
2233 2 32 12 31 3 23 21 13
1212 12
1313 13
2323 23
1
1
1
D E
D E
D E
D E E
D E E
D E E
D G
D G
D G
v v
v v
v v
v v v v v v
v v v v v v
v v v v v v
= T
= T
= T
= + T = + T
= + T = + T
= + T = + T
=
=
=
12 21 23 32 31 13 21 32 13
1
1 2 v v v v v v v v v
T =

.
L2.16
Certain restrictions apply to the material specification to obtain valid
elastic behavior.
The following are sufficient conditions to ensure material stability (that is,
for D to be positive-definite):
Orthotropic, plane stress material (TYPE=LAMINA):
E
1
, E
2
, G
12
, G
13
, G
23
> 0

1 2
1
12
2
E
E
v
| |
<
|
\ .
L2.17
General orthotropic material (TYPE=ENGINEERING CONSTANTS):
E
1
, E
2
, E
3
, G
12
, G
13
, G
23
> 0

1 2 1 2 1 2
1 1 2
12 13 23
2 3 3
, ,
E E E
E E E
v v v
| | | | | |
< < <
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
12 21 23 32 31 13 21 32 13
1 2 0 v v v v v v v v v >
L2.18
Orthotropic material (TYPE=ORTHOTROPIC):

( )
( )
( )
1111 2222 3333 1212 1313 2323
1 2
1122 1111 2222
1 2
1133 1111 3333
1 2
2233 2222 3333
0 D D D D D D
D D D
D D D
D D D
>
<
<
<
, , , , ,
L2.19
Anisotropic material (TYPE=ANISOTROPIC):
The conditions are too complex to express in simple relations.
The requirement that D is positive-definite means that all six
eigenvalues of D must be positive.
This should be ascertained numerically before the material
description is used in an Abaqus analysis.

Thermal Expansion
L2.21
Thermal Expansion
In Abaqus isotropic as well as anisotropic thermal
expansion can be specified. The anisotropic input
cases are:
*EXPANSION, TYPE=ORTHOTROPIC
for orthotropic materials. The thermal
expansion in the principal material directions
must be specified: o
11
, o
22
, o
33
.

*EXPANSION, TYPE=ANISOTROPIC
for fully anisotropic materials. The thermal
expansion in all directions must be specified:
o
11
, o
22
, o
33
, o
12
, o
13
, o
23
.
There are no restrictions for the thermal expansion
coefficients: negative values are allowed.
For plane stress elements and shells o
33
is not used.
L2.23
When anisotropic material behavior is defined,
local material directions (*ORIENTATION) must
be defined.
If local material directions are used with
isotropic materials, they will only affect the
element output.
Property module
L2.24
In geometrically nonlinear analysis the local material directions rotate
with the average spin of the material.
Element output such as stress and strain will be in the (corotational)
material directions.

local material directions
L2.25
Abaqus offers several options to specify the
orientation of the material directions.
The available coordinate systems are
RECTANGULAR,
CYLINDRICAL,
SPHERICAL, and
Z RECTANGULAR.
*ORIENTATION, SYSTEM=...
L2.26
Coordinate systems for material orientation
Rectangular
Spherical
Cylindrical
Z-rectangular
L2.27
Additional comments on the keywords interface
The orientation and position of the local coordinate system is defined by
the coordinates of two points, a and b.
The DEFINITION parameter specifies how the coordinates of these
points are defined.
The options are NODES, COORDINATES, and OFFSET TO
NODES.
If no further data are given, the principal axes of the material will be
aligned with the local coordinate system.
Optionally, the principal axes of the material can be rotated around
one of the local coordinate directions.
If the orientation is too complex to be specified with these options, user
subroutine ORIENT can be invoked with the parameter SYSTEM=USER.

L2.28
Example: Cylindrical orientation
Abaqus/CAE interface

1
2b
define a cylindrical
coordinate system
2a
select regions and
the datum
coordinate system
4
3
R
Z
T
n
1
2
n
1
2
1
2
n
1 2
n
1
2
n
1
2
n
L2.29
Keywords interface
The pertinent input data are:

*MATERIAL, NAME=MAT1
*ELASTIC, TYPE=LAMINA
30.E6, 10.E6, .3,15.E6, 20.E6, 20.E6
*SHELL SECTION, ELSET=SHELLS1,
MATERIAL=MAT1, ORIENTATION=CYL1
1., 5
*ORIENTATION, NAME=CYL1,
SYSTEM=CYLINDRICAL
0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 1.
3, 90.
1
2
3
L2.31
For certain types of composites the elastic bulk modulus, K, is much
larger than the effective elastic shear modulus, G
eff
: the material is
essentially incompressible.
We should check this since, except for plane stress cases, almost
incompressible behavior requires the use of special element
formulations.
First, we need values for K and G
eff
, or we can estimate the effective
Poissons ratio.

L2.32
For a general, anisotropic, linear elastic stress-strain law we can
compute the bulk modulus from its definition:

where the equivalent pressure stress, p, is

and the elastic strain, c, is decomposed into its volumetric and deviatoric
parts:

where c
vol
is a scalar quantity.
vol
K p c = c c ,
def
1 1
: : :
3 3
p =
=
I I D o c
1
3
vol dev
c = + I , c c
L2.33
Therefore,

and since the bulk modulus is

For example, for TYPE=ENGINEERING CONSTANTS

A conservative (low) estimate of the effective elastic shear modulus can
be obtained by taking the minimum of G
12
, G
13
, and G
23
.
1
/ : : /
3
vol vol
K p c c = c c = c c I D , c
1
: :
9
K = I D I .
12 13 21 23 31 32
1 2 3
1
1 1 1
K
E E E
v v v v v v
=
| |

+ +
|
\ .
.
1
/
3
vol
c c c = I , c
L2.34
The ratio of bulk modulus to effective shear modulus is related to the
effective Poissons ratio, v
eff
, as:

Alternatively, a conservative (high) estimate of Poissons ratio can be
obtained by taking the maximum of
We can use these values to determine whether the material is
approximately incompressible.
v
eff
K/G
eff

0.3 2
0.4 5
0.45 10
0.49 50
0.495 100
0.499 500
0.4995 1000
0.4999 5000
12 21 13 31 23 32
v v v v v v , , and .
L2.35
If K/G
eff
> 100 or v
eff
> 0.495, the stiffness ratio between volumetric and
shear deformation is too high to use standard displacement formulation
elements: mesh locking is likely to occur.
Reduced integration elements can be used to avoid locking effects.
Abaqus uses selectively reduced integration for the standard lower-
order quadrilateral and brick elements (CPE4, CAX4, C3D8, etc.),
which also prevents locking.
The alternative is to use hybrid (mixed formulation) elements (element
types CxxH, such as C3D20H).
Use of hybrid elements is necessary if the material is essentially
incompressible (K ).
For any plane stress application (beams, shells, and continuum plane
stress elements), standard displacement elements can always be used
for any value of v
eff
.

COMP L02 MacroModeling

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Macroscopic Modeling

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