Holography

Holography (Holo whole; graphy recording)

A technique technique of of recording recording complete complete information information of of an an object object (ie. (ie. its amplitude and phase)
Invented by Dennis Gabor (Nobel prize 1971)

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3D Rainbow hologram

Space ship (Star wars)

T-Rex skeleton Toyata Car

Requirements and properties of Holograms

In an hologram the image is captured as a interference pattern recorded on a film.

1. Records Amplitude and phase 2. Need a coherent source of light 3. Need high resolution recording film 4. Need a vibration isolation table

5. Gives a 3 D effect
6. Each point on the hologram has the complete information about the picture.

Comparison between holography and photography

Property 1. Illumination 2. Recording parameter 3. Imaging 4. Recording medium 5. Special requirement 6. Special property Photography Ordinary light Amplitude 2-Dimensional Ordinary Photographic film Not Applicable When cut into pieces, information is lost
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Holography Laser Both amplitude and phase 3-Dimensional Very high resolution film Vibration isolation table (it requires long exposure) When cut into pieces each bit carries full information
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Reference: How stuff works ?

a:The Hologram b,c,d: Show the photo of the Hologram taken from Different angles.

Reference: Optics by Hecht

Holograms are true 3 dimensional images, the perspective of the image changes when the same hologram is seen from different angles.

Recording Technique : Construction of a Hologram

A monochromatic laser beam from the source is made to fall on beam splitter. Beam splitter splits the incident beam into two. One beam is made to fall on silver coated mirror M1 and after reflection, it is directed towards the photographic plate reference wave. Another beam is made to scatter by the object object wave. The reference wave and object wave interfere and the interference pattern is recorded on a high resolution photographic plate The developed photographic plate is known as hologram
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Recording process

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Reconstruction Process: The hologram is illuminated by the reference wave The holographic image is created by the reconstructed wavefront from the film.

A virtual image is seen by the observer from the reconstructed wavefront.

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Reconstruction process

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Hologram construction and reconstruction

Hologram created using He-Ne laser Ref: HyperPhysics website

Holographic image

Applications of holography

1.

Holographic interferometry
Double exposure holographic interferometry: The hologram of a undeformed object and the deformed object are recorded on the same film. The interference fringe pattern of the resulting image can be used to measure small displacement and distortions of an object. Real time holographic interferometry: Reconstructed holographic image and the actual object overlap with each other. The changing fringe pattern can be used to measure strains on an object as they actually deform .

Time-average holographic interferometry: An oscillating object by exposed to the holographic film for a longtime. The image obtained can be used for examination of spatial characteristics of low amplitude vibrations of the object.
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Applications: Holographic interferometry

2. Holographic computer memories

High Density Optical Storage

Next generation data storage use optical holography to store information in 3-D. Many holograms (2-D) are superimposed within the same volume of the recording medium

Information up to 1012 bits (1Terabit) can be stored in 1 cc of the recording medium.

Data is transferred as 2-D images composed of pixels having single bit of information. The (Re)construction process is sensitive to the angle of incidence and the wavelength of the reference beam & is exploited to store and retrieve information.
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Holographic data storage

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Information is transferred as pages to and from the storage medium so the data transfer rate is very high ( 1 Gbits/s)[DVD 10Mbits/s] Different holograms are recorded at different angles of incidence of the reference beam in the medium Data are imprinted onto the object beam by shining the light through a pixelated device called a spatial light modulator (LCD panels) The reference beam overlaps with the object beam on the storage material, where the interference pattern is stored as a change in absorption or refractive index.

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To maximize the storage density, the hologram is usually recorded where the object beam is tightly focused For reading a pair of lenses image the data through the storage material onto a pixelated detector array, such as a charge coupled device (CCD). A correct reference beam must first be directed to the appropriate spot within the storage media. The hologram is then reconstructed by the reference beam, a weak copy of the original object beam continues along the imaging path to the camera, where the optical output is detected and converted to digital data.

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The data transfer rate depends on a. Latency: Time needed to access the data in a particular location (time delay between asking for and receiving a particular bit of data). The time delay is dictated by mechanical movements b. Readout rate: Time taken to read the particular data. It is dictated by the charge integration time of the CCD camera. If integration time is 1 ms, then 1000 pages can be retrieved in every second.
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Recording Medium (Permanent holograms)

Photopolymer materials:Polymerizes in the presence of light illumination in an irreversible process. The refractive index of the material changes because of polymerization .

Photochromic materials: Molecules that change their configuration in the presence of light . Change in configuration results in change in refractive index or absorption which can be used to store information
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Recording Medium (Rewritable) Inorganic photorefractive crystals doped with transition metals or rare-earth ions are used as rewritable medium. Eg. Lithium niobate, strontium barium niobate and barium titanate doped with iron, cerium, praseodymium or manganese (1 cm thick).

These materials trap and transport photo-ionized electrons, creating a change in the refractive index .
The photo-ionized electrons move from the bright regions to the dark regions creating a refractive index change depending on the intensity of light falling in any region. The trapped electrons can be rearranged by later illumination, to erase recorded holograms replace them with new ones. 26 PH 0101 and UNIT 3 Lecture 6

Books and resources

1. Lasers Ajoy Ghatak
2. Optics- Hecht

3. Fiber Optics- Ajoy Ghatak

4. Web: How Stuff Works 5. Web: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html 6. Engineering Physics- Gupta & Gaur (Photometry, Photoelasticity, fiber optics etc.)