MAterial Course Ch3

ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER IN THE 21st CENTURY
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG
ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER IN THE 21st CENTURY
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION THE CHALLENGE FACING THE DESIGNER DURABILITY AND LIFE CYCLE COST ISSUES THE EVERYDAY LIFE OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER DESIGN REQUIREMENTS CONCLUDING REMARKS
INTRODUCTION
Engineers - Creators of artefacts, using their ingenuity and capacity for original thinking within the constraints of affordability and practicability - Understand the role of financing, project management and information technology in improving the quality of designs - Full and on-going interaction between other members of the design team is essential to maintain effective communication across professional boundaries
Teaching Resource in Design of Steel Structures IIT Madras, SERC Madras, Anna Univ., INSDAG 3
INTRODUCTION
Besides principal role as an innovator, the designer of constructed facility has to ensure that his plan is Fit for its purpose Economical and durable Safe, both for the users and for the environment Buildable, without inconveniencing the community Aesthetically pleasing.
CHALLENGE FACING THE DESIGNER

There is no single correct solution to design problem. There are many correct solutions due to Designs are subjective to individual taste Solutions are different according to specific requirement Designers own individual bias
Design problems are open ended

Goals of the design project are Safety of the structure and human beings Timely completion of the project Cost within the budgeted estimate
Engineering design:
A creative activity of building a new artefact which provides an optimum solution to satisfy a defined requirement or need without endangering the environment.
Herbert Hoover, a former President of the United States of America - described the Engineering profession as follows (1961): It is a great profession. There is the fascination of watching the figment of the imagination emerge through the aid of Science to a plan on paper. Then it moves to realisation in stone or metal or energy. Then it brings jobs and homes to men. Then it elevates the standards of living and adds to the comforts of life. That is the Engineers high privilege. The great liability of the engineer compared to men of other professions is that his works are out on the open, where all can see them.
His acts, step by step, are in hard substance. He cannot bury his mistakes in the grave like physicians. He cannot argue them into thin air or blame the judge like the lawyers. He cannot, like the architects, cover his failures with trees and vines. He cannot, like the politicians, screen his shortcomings by blaming his opponents and hope that the people will forget. The engineer simply cannot deny that he did it. If his works do not work, he is damned forever.
On the other hand, unlike the doctor, his is not a life among the weak. Unlike the soldier, destruction is not his purpose. Unlike the lawyer, quarrels are not his daily bread. To the engineer falls the job of clothing the bare bones of science with life comfort and hope. No doubt, as the years go by, the people forget which engineer did it, even if they ever knew. Or some politician puts his name on it. Or they credit it to some promoter, who used other peoples money But the engineer himself looks back at the unending stream of goodness which flows from his success with satisfaction that few other professions may know. And the verdict of his fellow professionals is all the accolade he wants.
DURABILITY AND LIFE CYCLE COST ISSUES

Traditionally the Professional Structural Engineer is responsible for the complete process from the conceptual stages to the finished structure
Structural Engineer in the 21st century will not be confined to immediate economic and environmental impact and also responsible for the long-term environmental effects on the community by considering the life cycle costs
10
THE INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS

Advances in Science and Technology in last 50 years plunged the world into a number of crises, which have impacted directly on the construction industry. Global effect of these dramatic changes can be collectively termed the Infrastructure Crisis
Problem is enhanced by
Uncontrolled population growth Industrialisation that resulted in global urbanisation
11
THE INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS
Housing sector
Land contamination by sub-structures.

Water pollution Environmental degradation , for instance in the form of climate change, ozone depletion, deforestation and acid rain
12
THE DURABILITY CRISIS

Is it better to spend (say) 40% more initially, in order that the life of a structure could be doubled? What is better value to the client? Spend less initially or opt for a longer life? Total neglect of durability considerations in all the infrastructure projects undertaken so far combined with primitive construction practices have resulted in a durability crisis It is costing billions of rupees annually for repair and rehabilitation of structures all over the world. Hence, life cycle costing is now a mandatory requirement in the planning process in West
13
TIME WASTED IS MONEY WASTED AND OPPORTUNITIES LOST

When a constructed facility is completed early, it will result in an early return on the capital employed Delays in the completion of a project would therefore represent a delay in the return on capital invested, besides the loss of interest, which that sum would have earned otherwise This essential relationship between time and money is well understood in the Western world but unfortunately this is not the case in India
14
COST COMPETETIVENESS BY USING ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

In India, the designs are invariably limited to concrete-intensive structures Often the best optimal design solution will be a sensible combination of reinforced and/or prestressed concrete elements with structural steel elements There is a direct link between GNP per capita and the per capita consumption of steel
15
LIFE CYCLE COST ISSUES

ASTM E917- 83 (1983) describes standard practices for evaluating LCC of buildings and building systems Motivation for LCC is that on any investment decision, all costs arising from decision, both immediate and in future are potentially important Fast track methods in construction in western world triggered the wide spread implementation of LCC study that ensure enhanced productivity and efficient utilisation of the capital.
16
LIFE CYCLE COST ISSUES
Life cycle cost of a structure can be regarded as being made up of INITIAL COST PERIODIC MAINTENANCE COST COST OF DISMANTLING THE STRUCTURE LESS THE SALVAGE VALUE
17
INITIAL COST
Actual Cash Cost Cost of the Investment Lock-Up without Returns (The Time Cost) Cost penalty to the Community due to inappropriate Construction (Hidden Penalty Cost) Cost of damage to the Environment due to Pollution (The Environment Cost) Total Initial Cost
18
Flyover construction - The Indian way
19
Flyover construction - The Indian way
20
Do the business need roads?
21
Do the business need roads?
22
Where else do we store junk?
23
Where else do we store junk?
24
PERIODIC MAINTENANCE COST

Contributes to the longevity of structure Economising this cost results in increased expenditure later date Most neglected activity in India Problem is compounded by several myths prevailing in Engineers and Architects
25
Myths
Concrete lasts forever without maintenance Concrete bridges outlast steel bridges Concrete bridges last forever without maintenance Structural steel can not be adequately protected from corrosion A steel structure is less safe in a fire than other types of structures Maintenance of Concrete intensive structures is significantly cheaper than that of Steel intensive Structures
26
COST OF DISMANTLING THE STRUCTURE AT THE END OF ITS LIFE

Cost of dismantling steel structure is well below R.C. structure
SALVAGE VALUE PRODUCTS
OF
CONSTRUCTION
Cost of material recovered from steel-intensive construction is almost equal to the original cost
27
EVERYDAY LIFE OF A STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

Structural engineer designs structural systems for buildings, bridges, dams, offshore platforms etc. System - An assemblage of components with specific objectives and goals and subject to certain constraints. Any constructed facility is a system; Structural system is one of its major sub systems. Components of the structural system have to meet design requirements of strength and stiffness while satisfying economy, buildability and durability criteria.
Examples of Steel Framed Structures
Braced frame
Moment resisting frame
Core and suspended floors
29
Saw tooth roof
Space frame roof
30
Pylon
Tapered portal
Lattice girder
31
GOALS
Every system will have goals and specify what the system is to accomplish and how it will effect the environment and other systems They are made in statements of specific design objectives such as
purpose time limitation cost limitation environmental constraints
32
SYSTEM OBJECTIVES
Objectives explain in detail the requirements that the system must satisfy to attain the goals. Some essential objectives are
Health, safety and welfare of occupants of the structure Minimization of initial cost Life cycle cost Construction time
One criterion must be associated with each objective; it helps to evaluate alternative systems for the structure.
33
CONSTRAINTS AND STANDARDS
Constraints: Restrictions on the values of design variables that represent properties of the system, which are under the control of the designer. (For example, an I-beam section of 200 mm depth may be desirable, but not available.) Standard: Value or range of values associated with each constraint
34
CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS
Structural engineer uses relevant codes and specifications in design of structures
A detailed set of rules and suggestions for design of a class of structures is called an engineering specification. Interested party prepares these specifications and they have no legal or official sanction.
Codes are frequently formulated by a group of professionals with a view to their adoption by the profession as a whole. Revised at regular intervals.
35
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Principal design requirement of a structure is that it should be both buildable and fit for its purpose. Fitness for purpose requirement of the constructed facility depends on the satisfaction of its structural and other requirements. Other design requirements include those of economy and harmony.
36
MULTI - DISCIPLINE PROJECT ORGANISATION

Owners representative Design Team Management Lead disciplines Principal disciplines Struct. Engg Support disciplines Geotech. .Engg Surveying Space planning Urban planning Land Scaping Scheduling, Estimating Electrical Engg. Architecture Mech Engg. Civil Engg. THE PROJECT MANAGER Engineer or Architect
DESIGN PROFESSIONAL
Engineer or Architect
Lead design team leader
Engineer or Architect
37
Definition of the problem Consideration of alternative designs
THE OVERALL DESIGN PROCESS
Primary design
Selection Modification Final design Final evaluation Documentation Execution Use
38
The structural design process

Invention or modification of structural system Preliminary analysis
Knowledge Experience Imagination Intuition Creativity Approximation Loads Behaviour

Design Criteria Design Codes
Proportioning Members and Joints
Analysis Evaluation
Loads
Behaviour Design criteria Design codes
Final Design
39
DESIGN VERSUS ANALYSIS
In
an analysis problem, all the parameters are known - a unique solution can be arrived.
Designer
has to make several decisions, each of which could affect the final result. As a consequence, no unique solution can be offered
40
DESIGN ALTERNATIVES
Design for strength
Specifies
that the design resistance of a structural component is greater than the required strength to transmit the loads safely
Design for serviceability
In
the serviceability design criteria for structures, the designer seeks to make the structure sufficiently stiff so that its deflections under the most adverse working loads will not affect its serviceability
41
FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN COMPARISON

Materials to be used Arrangement and structural system and flooring system to be adopted Fabrication and type of jointing Method of erection of the framework to be used Type of construction for floor, walls, cladding and finishes Installation of ventilating/ heating plant, lifts, water supply, power etc. Corrosion protection required Fire protection required Operating and maintenance costs
MAJOR BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Wall-bearing construction Beam and column construction Trusses Rigid frames
Arches
Suspension cables and cable-stayed systems Steel lamella roof Dome
43
Beam and column construction
44
Single Bay, SingleStorey Structures
Knee brace
3 pin portal
Flat
45
Cable stayed structures
46
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Role of a structural engineer in designing constructed facilities in 21st century is discussed. Importance of life cycle costing and a rational selection of appropriate materials for construction is stressed . A strong case is made to account for durability and environmental considerations in the design process. Structural design process and structural systems are described.
47

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ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER IN THE 21st CENTURY

ROLE OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEER IN THE 21st CENTURY

CHALLENGE FACING THE DESIGNER

Design problems are open ended

CHALLENGE FACING THE DESIGNER

CHALLENGE FACING THE DESIGNER

CHALLENGE FACING THE DESIGNER

CHALLENGE FACING THE DESIGNER

DURABILITY AND LIFE CYCLE COST ISSUES

THE INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS

THE INFRASTRUCTURE CRISIS

Land contamination by sub-structures.

THE DURABILITY CRISIS

TIME WASTED IS MONEY WASTED AND OPPORTUNITIES LOST

COST COMPETETIVENESS BY USING ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS

LIFE CYCLE COST ISSUES

LIFE CYCLE COST ISSUES

Flyover construction - The Indian way

Flyover construction - The Indian way

Do the business need roads?

Do the business need roads?

Where else do we store junk?

Where else do we store junk?

PERIODIC MAINTENANCE COST

COST OF DISMANTLING THE STRUCTURE AT THE END OF ITS LIFE

SALVAGE VALUE PRODUCTS

EVERYDAY LIFE OF A STRUCTURAL ENGINEER

Examples of Steel Framed Structures

Moment resisting frame

Core and suspended floors

Examples of Steel Framed Structures

Saw tooth roof

Space frame roof

Examples of Steel Framed Structures

CONSTRAINTS AND STANDARDS

CODES AND SPECIFICATIONS

Structural engineer uses relevant codes and specifications in design of structures

MULTI - DISCIPLINE PROJECT ORGANISATION

Lead design team leader

Definition of the problem Consideration of alternative designs

THE OVERALL DESIGN PROCESS

Selection Modification Final design Final evaluation Documentation Execution Use

The structural design process

Knowledge Experience Imagination Intuition Creativity Approximation Loads Behaviour

Proportioning Members and Joints

Behaviour Design criteria Design codes

DESIGN VERSUS ANALYSIS

Design for serviceability

FACTORS CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN COMPARISON

MAJOR BUILDING STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

Beam and column construction

Single Bay, SingleStorey Structures

Cable stayed structures

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