Trees

This lecture prepared by the instructors at the University of Manitoba in Canada and has been modified by Dr. Ahmad Reza Hadaegh
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Trees

A tree is a linked data structure which reflects some hierarchical structure There are several varieties of trees
Each with its own characteristics v A family of related data structures

Trees
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A tree gets its name from its structure which is tree-like

A tree has a root, branches, leaves
Root node A C F I Leaf nodes G Branches

B E

D H

J
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Trees
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A tree consists of a number of connected nodes

The nodes are organized in a top-down hierarchical manner

A tree is an instance of a general structure called a graph

A graph consists of vertices (nodes) and edges (branches), but is not necessarily hierarchical in nature v Sometimes tree and graph terminology is interchanged
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Trees
A B

C
F I G

D H J

This tree has

10 nodes, 9 branches, 1 root node, and 6 leaf nodes
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Trees
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Other defining characteristics

If node A points to node B, then A is the parent of B v Furthermore, B is the child of A Children of the same parent are siblings All nodes beneath a given node (children, children of children, ) are descendants of that node All nodes on the path between the root and a given node are ancestors of that node
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Trees
A B E F I
u u

C G

D H J

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The parent of G is D and the parent of E is B The children of A are B, C, and D B, C, and D are sibling The ancestors of J are G, D, and A The descendants of D are G, H, I and J

Trees
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Some typical operations upon a tree

Insert v Add a new node into a tree Delete v Remove a node from a tree Search v Find a node (if it exists) that contains a given key Traverse v Systematically examine (an operate on) all nodes in a tree
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Binary Trees
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Binary trees
A binary tree is a tree in which no node has more than two children
A B D E G C F H
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Ordered Binary Trees

Ordered binary trees

An ordered binary tree is a binary tree in which

left descendants < given node < right descendants

applied recursively throughout the tree structure

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Ordered Binary Trees

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The following binary tree is not ordered

A B

C
E G F H
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Ordered Binary Trees

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The following binary tree is ordered

D B

E
C F G H
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Ordered Binary Trees

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The following binary tree is also ordered

D C

F
E G H
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A
B

Ordered Binary Trees

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The following binary tree is also ordered

A B C D E

F
G H
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Ordered Binary Trees

Ordered binary trees are often referred to as binary search trees (BST)
They tend to be a co-operative structure on which to work

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Searching a BST
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Searching a BST
Algorithm v Start with root node v if search key = node key then stop v else if search key < node key then go left v else go right v Stop if at any time during the search, you fall off the tree, stop

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Searching a BST
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Find node with key C

D B

E
C F G H
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Searching a BST
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Find node with key X

D B

E
C F G H
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Searching a BST
Given an existing BST, searching for a key is simple
Effectively a binary search v Is it as efficient as a binary search? Algorithm is recursive, but can be trivially implemented iteratively Could be implemented as follows:

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Searching a BST
bool Search(nodeptr curr, char key) {
bool found; nodeptr curr;

curr = root; found = false; while ((curr != NULL) && (! found)) if (curr->data == key) found = true; else if (key < curr->data) curr = curr->left; else curr = curr->right; return found; }
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// Think about doing the search recursively

Traversing a Tree
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Tree traversal is a common operation

In a tree traversal, every node is visited once There are three traversal orders of general interest v Pre-order, post-order, and in-order traversals

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Pre-order Traversal
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Pre-order traversal
Visit the current node Perform a pre-order traversal of the left sub-tree Perform a pre-order traversal of the right sub-tree A naturally recursive algorithm v Easy to program recursively Not so easy to program iteratively

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Pre-order Traversal
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A pre-order traversal could be implemented as follows:

void postOrder (nodeptr sroot) { if (sroot != NULL) { postOrder (sroot->left); postOrder (sroot->right); cout << sroot->data; } }

Think about the run-time stack frames created

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Post-order Traversals

Post-order traversal
Perform a post-order traversal of the left sub-tree Perform a post-order traversal of the right sub-tree Visit the current node

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In-order Traversals

In-order traversal
Perform a in-order traversal of the left sub-tree Visit the current node Perform a in-order traversal of the right sub-tree

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Insertions
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Binary trees are normally created by inserting nodes into an initially empty tree
If tree empty, first insert will create the root node Otherwise, tack new node onto the (unique) appropriate node that has less than 2 children This will require a search routine

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Insertions
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Insert 15, 8, 12, 19, 5, and 23 into an empty BST

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Insertions
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Insert 15, 8, 12, 19, 5, and 23 into an empty BST

root 15

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Insertions
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Insert 15, 8, 12, 19, 5, and 23 into an empty BST

? 15 8 root

void r_insert (nodeptr& if (root == null) root = newnode; else if (newnode->data r_insert (root->le else r_insert (root->rig }

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Insertions
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Insert 15, 8, 12, 19, 5, and 23 into an empty BST

15 8 12

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Insertions
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Insert 15, 8, 12, 19, 5, and 23 into an empty BST

15 8 12

19

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Insertions
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Insert 15, 8, 12, 19, 5, and 23 into an empty BST

15 8 5 12

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Insertions
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Insert 15, 8, 12, 19, 5, and 23 into an empty BST

15

8
5 12

19
23

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Insertions
// This procedure implements a recursive insert. // Probably better to do this iteratively. Why? void r_insert (nodeptr& root, nodeptr newnode) { if (root == null) root = newnode; else if (newnode->data < root->data) r_insert (root->left, newnode); else r_insert (root->right, newnode); }

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Deletions
This is an optional topic. I strongly recommend you to learn it but it will not be in the exam.

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Deletions
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Deleting is a little more difficult

Why?

When deleting from a BST, the algorithm must often reorganize tree while maintaining the inherent ordering
Three cases to consider Deleting a leaf node Easy -- detach leaf node from tree by setting its parents pointer to nil

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Deletions
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Delete 12

15

8
5 12

19
23

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Deletions
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Delete 12

15

8
5 12

19
23

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Deletions
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Done!

15

8
5

19
23

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Deletions

Deleting a node with a single child Easy -- replace the node to be deleted with its child

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Deletions
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Delete 19

15

8
5 12

19
23

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Deletions
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Delete 19

15

8
5 12

19
23

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Deletions
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Done!

15

8
5 12

23

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Deletions

Deleting

a node with two children A little more difficult Both subtrees of the deleted node must be linked back into the tree while retaining order

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 21 10 17

23

14

19

22

26

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 21 10 17 These nodes must be properly linked back into the tree

23

14

19

22

26

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Deletions
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Two possible algorithms

Replace the deleted node with one of its children, say the left child (i.e. node 17) v The remaining right child (i.e. node 23) must now be linked back into the tree Place it on the right of the largest node of the new left subtree

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 7 10 17 21 23

Replace the deleted node with one of its children, say the left child (i.e. node 17)

14

19

22

26

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 7 10 17 23

14

19

22

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 7 10 17 23 Place it (node 23) on the right of the largest nose of the new left subtree

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19

22

26

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Deletions
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Done!
12

8
7

17

10

14

19

23

22

23
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Deletions

Another way
Locate the in-order successor of the node to be deleted (the node that contains the next highest value) v To locate the in-order successor, go right, then go left as far as possible Replace the contents of the node to be deleted with the contents of its in-order successor Delete the successor node v This algorithm is possible since the in-order successor node will never have more than one child
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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 21 10 17

23

14

19

22

26

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 21 10 17 Replace the contents of the node to be deleted with the contents of its in-order successor

23

14

19

22

26

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 22 10 17

23

14

19

21

26

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 22 10 17 Delete the successor node

23

14

19

21

26

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Deletions
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Delete 21
12 8 22 10 17 Delete the successor node

23

14

19

21

26

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Deletions
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Done!
12 8 7 10 17 22 23

14

19

26

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Deletions

Deletion code left as an exercise

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