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Electrical energy for home and commercial use is produced by machines called generators. Generators convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator consists of copper coils surrounded by magnets. Turbines are usually connected to the copper coil of the generator by a shaft. When the turbines are turned, the spinning shaft will cause the copper coil to spin and electrical energy is produced.
Electricity is produced in generators Generators require other sources of energy Conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy
Electromagnetic Induction
Turbine turns coils of wire in a magnetic field to produce a current
Thermal Generator - nr
There are various type of generator
Thermal generator
In a thermal power station, fossil fuels such as petroleum, coal and natural gas are used to heat water in a boiler to produce steam under high pressure.
Hydroelectric Generator - r
The steam is used to turn the turbines of a thermal generator. In a hydroelectric power station, water flowing at high speed and pressure form the dam forces the turbines to rotate the generator to produce electrical energy.
In a gas turbine power station, natural gas or petroleum is burned in a high-pressure combustion chamber. The hot gases produced are used to turn the turbines of a gas turbine generator.
Transformer
A transformer is a devices used for raising or lowering the voltage of alternating current. A simple transformer consists of a soft iron core with two coils of wire on each side of the core as shown below. There are two type of transformer;
A. the step-up transformer and B. the step-down transformer.
A step-up transformer has more turns of wire on the secondary coil than the primary coil. A step-down transformer has less turns of wire on the secondary coil than the primary coil as shown below. The number of turns of wire in the primary and secondary coils determines the output voltage. A step-up transformer has more turns of wire on the secondary coil and so produces a higher voltage in the secondary coil. A step-down transformer has less turns of wire on the secondary coil and so produces a lower voltage in the secondary coil.
a. Step-Down transformer
b. Step-Down transformer
The Functions of the Components in the Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution System.
Each component in the electrical power transmission and distribution system has its specific function. The Transformer Station has transformers to step up or step down the voltage of electrical energy. The Switch Zone allows the electrical energy to be transmitted through the National Grid Network. The National Grid Network connects power stations at different places together and transmits electrical power to various places throughout the country.
Advantages
Electrical energy can generated according to the time needed. Some power station can be shut down at periods when energy need is low and reconnected when energy need increases, this can save costs. If one of the power stations breaks down, its function can be taken over by another station in the network while waiting for the damaged station to be repaired. This avoids the cessation of electricity supply.
Tryer 10 The Main Substation has transformers that step down the voltage of electrical power to suitable value to be distributed to its branches.
Construct & Maintain 43,776 Switches 670,496 Transformers 1,448,794 Poles 94,854 Circuit Miles 317,820 Underground Structures 1,300,000 Trees 11,873 Cap Banks 760,000 Street Lights
Distribution
Transmission/Substation
Operate 904 Substations (16 manned) 890 Transmission Circuits 4,166 Distribution Circuits Protect & Test Automate Administrative Contracts Over 300 Grid Contracts
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Construct & Maintain 16,945 Circuit Breakers 4,459 Transformers 13,585 Circuit Miles 42,000 Relays 15 UPS Sites 4,000 Miles Communication Circuits
TEST
Test
Transmission AC/DC
Alternating Current Wire rotate past magnet causing a shift in direction Happens many times each second Cycles per second = Hertz
27
Transmission Lines
Transmission lines:
500 kv to 161 kV
Distribution lines:
33 kV down
Subtransmission lines:
55 kV to 138 kV
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3. Circuit Breaker - A circuit is broken in specific situations for example when lightnings strike. 4. Live Wire brown/BLACK
this type of wire carries electrical current to a home. this type of wire returns current to the substation. PMR2010 this type of wire carries leaked current to the Earth.
7. Electric Meter Measure the total amount of electrical energy used in a home.
Generally, the electrical wiring at our home is the single-phase wiring. The three-phase wiring is usually used in places where the electrical energy consumption is higher.
MCB
ELCB
PERAK 12
P V I
P V I P
E T
E (j) = P (kW) x T (h) = 45/1000 x 5 = 0.225 kWh = 0.225 kWh x RM0.20 = RM0.045
Test
A fuse is a device used to protect an electric circuit against excessive current. It consists of a wire that will melt at a certain temperature. The wire is usually made of an alloy of tin and lead. There are two main types of fuses.
In a replaceable wire fuse, a length of wire is attached to the terminals The cartridge fuse, consists of a wire enclosed in a cylindrical tube made of an insulating material as shown below.
The rating of a fuse is the maximum amount of current that can flow through the fuse without the wire of the fuse melting. The rating of a fuse is always indicated on the fuse. Common fuse ratings are 1 A, 2 A, 3 A, 5 A, 10 A and 15 A.
The rating of a fuse is the value of the maximum current that is allowed to flow through the fuse without causing the wire of the fuse to melt. Fuses to be used in electrical appliances should have a rating of just slightly more than the current which the electrical appliances will use under normal working condition. For example, a fuse of 3 A may be used for an electrical appliance that operates on a current of 2.5 A.
Perak 2011
PMR 2010
PMR 2011
PMR 2011
Penutup
1. Baca Surah Al-`Ashr
2. Tasbih Kifarah.