CHAPTER 5

TRANSFORMER
1
PROVIDED BY :
PN ZURAIDAH BT ALI
LECTURER
MECH. ENG. DEPT.
PUO

Introduction
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from
one circuit to another by electromagnetic induction
(transformer action).

Uses : an alternating voltage can be increased or decreased by
transformers.

The electrical energy is always transferred without a change in
frequency, but may involve changes in magnitudes of voltage
and current.

2
Types of Transformer
Transformers range in size from the miniature units used in electronic
applications to the large power transformers used in power stations.
(a) Three-phase core type (b) Single-phase shell type







(c) Core and windings of three-phase (d) Helix and disc coils on single-phase
3
Construction of Transformer
A transformer consists of two windings connected by a magnetic
core.

One winding is connected to a power supply and the other to a
load.
A transformer construction
N
1
N
2


AC supply

Load
Flux
Primary
winding
Core
Secondary
winding
A circuit diagram symbol
4
Core Characteristics
5
Hollow-core construction
Core is constructed about 50 laminated sheets of steel which
are insulated with a non conducting material, such as varnish.
Core Type Transformers
There are broadly two types of
single-phase double-wound
transformer construction

(a) the core type
the core is shaped with a hollow
square through the center

(b) the shell type
each layer butted together to form
the laminations and then pressed
together to form the core

6
Transformer Principle Of Operation
When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V
1
is
applied to a primary winding, a small current flows which set up a
magnetic flux in the core.

This alternating flux links with both primary and secondary coils and
induces in them e.m.f.s of E
1
and E
2
respectively by mutual induction.




Np Ns
Vp Vs
Secondary
winding
Primary
winding

Flux produced by primary winding
induces secondary winding via core
7
Transformer Principle Of Operation
The induced e.m.f., E in a coil of N turns is given by the rate of
change of flux.

In the ideal transformer, the rate of change of flux is the same
for both primary and secondary thus




Assuming no losses, E
1
= V
1
and E
2
= V
2


or


2
2
1
1
N
E
=
N
E
The induced e.m.f. per turn is constant.

2
2
1
1
V V
N
=
N
2
1
2
1
N
V
V
N
=
8
Transformer Principle Of Operation
When the load is connected across the secondary winding, a
current I
2
flows.

In an ideal transformer losses are neglected and a transformer is
considered to be 100% efficient, Pi= Po or V
1
I
1
= V
2
I
2
so the
primary and secondary volt-amperes are equal.

Thus



Combining equations gives

1
2
2
1
I
I
V
V
=
1
2
2
1
2
1
I
I
N
N
V
V
= =
9
Example 1
A transformer is to be used to provide a 60 V output from a 240 V A.C
supply. Calculate (a) the turns of ratio required and (b) the number of
primary turns, if the secondary is wound with 500 turns.

Solution to Example 1


10
Example 2
A 2000/200V, 20kVA transformer has 66 turns in the secondary.
Calculate
(i) primary turns
(ii) primary and secondary full-load currents
Neglect the losses.



11
s N
Np
/ winding e.m.f x Np
/ winding e.m.f x Ns
nding primary wi in induced e.m.f of Total
winding secondary in induced e.m.f of Total
= =
p
s
p
s
p
s
V
V
E
E
N
N
= = = K
With expected transformer ratio as K :

Transformer Ratio
Transformer ratio is the comparison between primary and
secondary elements.

Flux which is produced by primary winding completely inducing to
secondary winding. Therefore, e.m.f induced in all the winding are
similar for primary and secondary winding.


12
Transformer Ratio
Where; S = secondary e.m.f induced
P = primary e.m.f induced
Vs = secondary terminal voltage
Vp = primary terminal voltage


Notes for types of transformer

If K < 1 i.e. Ns < Np : this transformer is called step-down transformer
If K > 1 i.e. Ns > Np : this transformer is called step-up transformer
If K = 1 i.e. Ns = Np : this transformer is called coupling transformer

13
Example 3
The number of windings for the three transformers are
a) Np = 100, Ns = 2000
b) Np = 3000, Ns = 2000
c) Np = 100, Ns =100
Calculate the value of K for each transformer then determine the type
of transformer and draw the symbol of transformer to differentiate the
number of windings

Solution to Example 3

14
EMF Equation of a Transformer
EMF induced in primary is

E
p
= 4.44 N
1
f u
m
volts

EMF induced in secondary is

E
s
= 4.44 N
2
f u
m
volts

15
Example 4
A 250 kVA, 1100 V / 400 V, 50 Hz single-phase transformer has 80 turns
on a secondary. Calculate :
a) the approximate values of the primary and secondary
currents.
b) the approximate number of primary turns.
c) the maximum values of flux.

Solution to Example 4

16
Example 5
An ideal 25 kVA transformer has 500 turns on the primary winding and
40 turns on the secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000
V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate
a) primary and secondary currents on full-load
b) secondary e.m.f. And
c) the maximum core flux

Solution to Example 5
17
Losses of a Transformer
Two sources of losses in transformers on load;

(a) Copper losses are variable and result in a heating of the
conductors, due to the fact that they possess resistance.

(b) Core losses
(i) Hysteresis loss is the heating of the core as a result of
the internal molecular structure reversals which occur
as the magnetic flux alternates.
(ii) Eddy current loss is the heating of the core due to
e.m.f. s being induced not only in the transformer
windings but also in the core.

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Efficiency of a Transformer
100 x
power input
power output
Efficiency =
19
100 x
losses copper losses core power output
power output
Efficiency
+ +
=
100 x
losses core losses copper p.f.) VA (
p.f.) (VA

+ +

= q
Efficiency on full-load
Efficiency on half-load
100 x
losses core ) losses copper x
4
1
( p.f.) VA
2
1
(
p.f.) VA
2
1
(

+ +

= q
Example 6
In a 50 kVA transformer, the iron loss is 500 W and full-load copper loss
is 800W. Find the efficiency at full-load and half-load at 0.8 p.f. lagging.

Solution of Example 6

Full-load




Half-load
20
% 96.85 100 x
500 800 ) 8 . 0 x10 50 (
) 8 . 0 x10 (50

3
3
=
+ +

= q
( )
( ) ( )
% 96.62 100 x
500 800 x
4
1
8 . 0 x10 50 x
2
1
8 . 0 x10 50 x
2
1


3
3
=
+ +

= q
Open-circuit test of a Transformer
Uses : measures the core losses of a transformer.

The ratio of the voltmeter readings, V
1
/ V
2
, gives the ratio of the
number of turns. Ammeter, A gives the no-load current, and its
reading is a check on the magnetic quality of the ferromagnetic
core and joints.

Copper loss negligible because of the primary current is very slow.







21
Short-circuit test of a Transformer
Uses : measures the copper losses in the windings.

The secondary is short-circuited through a suitable ammeter A
2
and
the low voltage is applied to the primary circuit. This voltage
should, if possible, be adjusted to circulate full-load current in the
primary and secondary circuits.

Core loss negligible because of the primary voltage is very slow.


22
Auto-transformer
An auto-transformer is a transformer
having a part of its winding common
to the primary and secondary circuits.

Winding AB has a tapping at C, the
load being connected across CB and
the supply voltage applied across AB.

Uses : reducing the voltage when
starting induction motors and for
interconnecting systems that are
operating at approximately the same
voltage.
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Advantages Of Auto Transformers

a) A saving in a cost since less copper is needed.
b) Less volume, hence less weight.
c) A higher efficiency
d) A continuously variable output voltage is achievable if a
sliding contact is used.
e) A smaller percentage voltage regulation.

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Disadvantages Of Auto Transformers

The primary and secondary windings are not electrically separate,
hence if an open-circuit occurs in the secondary winding the full
primary voltage appears across the secondary.