Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Presented To: Dr. Zafar Iqbal Presented By: Abid Saeed Khan Roll No: 18 M.Phil Linguistics
Part One:
DOCUMENTATION BASICS
WHAT IS DOCUMENTATION?
When your teacher states that you must use APA or MLA documentation style, he or she is simply directing you to use a system that reveals to your reader what sources and information you have utilized in writing your paper. The documentation style also determines certain formatting practices in your paper.
PARTS OF DOCUMENTATION
In-text (parenthetical) citation Bibliography (Works Cited Page, References)
The in-text citation acts as a key to your bibliography and directs your reader to specific sources. The in-text citation includes the authors last name (and/or) the title of the work so that you can easily locate the complete source information in the bibliography.
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
You need to give credit to a source any time you use information from the source in the following ways: Direct Quotation Paraphrase Summary
TYPES OF QUOTATIONS
Block Quotations must be longer than three lines, set off from main body of paragraph (like a block) Integrated Quotations three lines of text or fewer, flows seamlessly in the paragraph
The suggestion that there is a continuity in the linguistic abilities of apes and humans has created much controversy. Linguist Noam Chomsky has strongly asserted that language is a unique human characteristic (Booth, 1990).
Part Two:
The header includes the running head (formatted as the following: Running head: TITLE OF ESSAY) against the left margin and the page number against the right margin. The title of the essay, your name, and the university name should appear centered, double spaced, and on the top half of the page. All text should be in 12 pt. Times New Roman font and should not be bolded. Authors note (optional) contains contact information and acknowledgements and should be placed at the bottom half of essay.
APA
On each page after the title page, APA requires that the title appear in all caps on the left and the page number appears on the right.
MLA format uses the same header (last name followed by page number in the right corner) for ever y page
MLA
A QUICK EXERCISE
Look at the Bibliography of the APA Model Paper and the MLA Model Paper and do the following tasks: List all the similarities do you see. List all the differences you see.
SIMILARITIES
DIFFERENCES
Entries are double-spaced MLA uses the heading Works Cited while APA The first line of each entry refers to the page as begins at the margin. References. Subsequent lines display a hanging indent. In MLA entries the title follows the authors name, Entries are alphabetized by but in APA, the year (in the first word in each entry parentheses) follows the (typically the authors last authors name. name) Essay titles in MLA are put The words References in quotation marks and all and Works Cited are both important words are centered, at the top of the capitalized. APA capitalizes page, and in plain text. only the first word of an The important words in all essays title and does not BIBLIOGRAPHY COMPARISON journal titles and book titles put punctuation marks are capitalized.
SIMILARITIES
DIFFERENCES
Both reveal the authors name (or the title if the source is anonymous) Both reveal the page number where the information can be found if the source has page numbers listed
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
A HELPFUL WEBSITE
The Online Writing Lab at Purdue This website includes accurate guides to both MLA and APA format, annotated sample papers, examples of different types of works cited entries, and detailed information concerning punctuation, grammar, and other writing related topics.