Chapter 3

Material Balance Applied to Oil Reservoirs

3.1 Introduction

-The Schilthuis material balance equation
- Basic tools of reservoir engineering

=> Interpreting and predicting reservoir performance.

-Material balance

1. zero dimension this chapter
2. multi-dimension (multi-phase) reservoir simulation
3.2 General form of the material balance equation for a
hydrocarbon reservoir
Underground withdrawal (RB)
= Expansion of oil and original dissolved gas (RB)(A)
+ Expansion of gascap gas (RB) (B)
+ Reduction in HCPV due to connate water expansion and decrease in
the pore volume (RB) .(C)


) (
1
) 1 ( ) ( STB
B
S V STB place in oil initial N
oi
wc
= = |
bbl
bbl
or
ft
ft
or
SCF
SCF
const
oil the of Vol C H initial
gascap the of Vol C H initial
m
3
3
] [ .) (
. . .
. . .
= = =
) (STB production oil cumulative N
p
=
) ( .
) ( .
STB production oil cum
SCF production gas cum
rato oil gas cumulative R
p
= =

Expansion of oil & originally dissolved gas


) 1 . 3 ( ] [ ] )[ (
) ( . ) ( . ) exp ( exp
RB
STB
RB
STB B B N NB NB
p at liq p at liq ansion oil ansion Liquid
oi o oi o
i
= = = =
=
) 2 . 3 ( ] [ ] [ ) (
)] ( ) ( [ exp
RB
SCF
RB
STB
SCF
STB B R R N B NR B NR
p at gas solution p at gas solution ansion gas Liberated
g s si g s g si
i
= = = =
=
Expansion of the gascap gas
Expansion of the gascap gas =gascap gas (at p) gascap (at pi)

RB
SCF
RB
SCF B
B
mNB p at gas of Amount
SCF
SCF
RB
RB
B
mNB G or
RB
SCF
RB
STB
SCF
SCF
mNB gas gascap of volume total The
g
gi
oi
gi
oi
oi
] [ ] [
1
) (
] [
1
] [
1
] [ ] [
= = =
= = =
= = =
) 3 . 3 ( ) ( ) 1 (
] [
RB
B
B
mNB
RB mNB
B
B
mNB gas gascap the of Expansion
gi
g
oi
oi
gi
g
oi
=
= =
Change in the HCPV due to the connate water expansion &
pore volume reduction

p
S
c S c
NB m
p c S c
S
HCPV
p c S c V p V c S V c
S V vol water connate the V p V c V c
S HCPV vol pore total the V dV dV HCPV d
wc
f wc w
oi
f wc w
w
f wc w f f f wc f w
wc f w f f w w
w f f w
A

+
+ =
A +

= A + = A + =
= = A + =
= = + =
)
1
( ) 1 (
) (
) 1 (
) ( ) (
. ) (
) 1 /( . ) (
Underground withdrawal

] ) ( [ ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( Pr
g s p o p g s p p o p
g s p p p o p
p p p
B R R B N B R R N B N withdrawal d Undergroun
gas RB B R N R N oil RB B N withdrawal d Undergroun
gas SCF R N oil STB N surface at oduction
+ = + =


The general expression for the material balance as

w p e
wc
f wc w
oi
gi
g
oi g s si oi o g s p o p
B W W p
S
c S c
NB m
B
B
mNB B R R N B B N B R R B N
) ( )
1
( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) ( ) ( ] ) ( [
+ A

+
+ +
+ + = +
) 7 . 3 ( ) (
1
) 1 ( 1
) ( ) (
] ) ( [

w p e
wc
f wc w
gi
g
oi
g s si oi o
oi g s p o p
B W W
p
S
c S c
m
B
B
m
B
B R R B B
NB B R R B N
+
(
(

A
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
= +
p measuring dif f iculty Main
p V c dV
f luids reservoir of Expansion oduction f orm Simple
t p f W
p f B R B Note
e
g s o
:
Pr :
) , (
) ( , , :
A =
=
=
=

where
) 12 . 3 ( ) (
,

w e w f g o
B W mE mE E N F + + + =
STB
RB
p
S
c S c
B m E
STB
RB
B
B
B E
STB
RB
B R R B B E
RB B W B R R B N F
wc
f wc w
oi w f
gi
g
oi g
g s si oi o o
w p g s p o p
A

+
+ =
= =
= + =
= + + =
)
1
( ) 1 (
] [ ) 1 (
] [ ) ( ) (
] [ ] ) ( [
,

No initial gascap, negligible water influx


With water influx eq(3.12) becomes




Eq.(3.12) having a combination drive-all possible sources of energy.
0 &
w f
c c
) 13 . 3 ( ) 12 . 3 .(
o
NE F Eq =
) 14 . 3 (
o
e
o
E
W
N
E
F
+ =
) 12 . 3 ( ) (
,

w e w f g o
B W mE mE E N F + + + =
3.4 Reservoir Drive Mechanisms

- Solution gas drive
- Gascap drive
-Natural water
drive
- Compaction drive
In terms of

-reducing the M.B to a compact form to
quantify reservoir performance
-determining the main producing
characteristics,
for example, GOR; water cut
-determining the pressure decline in the
reservoir
- estimating the primary recovery factor

Reservoir drive mechanism
3.5 Solution gas drive
(a) above the B.P. pressure (b) below the B.P. pressure
Above the B.P. pressure
- no initial gascap, m=0
- no water flux, We=0 ; no water production, Wp=0
- Rs=Rsi=Rp
from eq.(3.7)
) 7 . 3 ( ) (
1
) 1 ( 1
) ( ) (
] ) ( [

w p e
wc
f wc w
gi
g
oi
g s si oi o
oi g s p o p
B W W
p
S
c S c
m
B
B
m
B
B R R B B
NB B R R B N
+
(
(

A
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
= +
0 ; 0 ; 0 ; 0 ) ( ; 0 ) ( : = = = = =
p e s si s p
W W m R R R R Note
ility compressib weighted saturation ef f ective the
S
c S c S c
c where
S S p c NB B N or
p B
B B
p B
B B
p
S
c S c S c
NB B N
dp
dB
B dp
dV
V
c p
S
c S c
c NB B N
p
S
c s c
B
B B
NB B N
wc
f w w o o
e
wc o e oi o p
oi
oi o
oi
o oi
wc
f w w o o
oi o p
o
o
o
o
o
wc
f w w
o oi o p
wc
f wc w
oi
oi o
oi o p
=

+ +
=
= + A =
A

=
A

~ A

+ +
=
= = A

+
+ =
A

+
+

=
,
1
1 ) 18 . 3 (
) ( ) (
) 17 . 3 ( )
1
(
1 1
)]
1
( [
]
1
) (
) (
[


Exercise3.1 Solution gas drive, undersaturated oil reservoir
Determine R.F.
Solution:
FromTable2.4(p.65)
2 . 0 10 6 . 8 10 3
) 65 . ( 4 . 2
1 6 1 6
= = =



w f w
b i
S psi c psi c
p table PVT
p p p if
STB
RB
B psi p
STB
RB
B psi p
ob b
oi i
12511 , 3330
2417 . 1 , 4000
= =
= =
1 6
10 3 . 11
) 3330 4000 ( 2417 . 1
2417 . 1 2511 . 1
1 1

=

=
A

=
= =
psi
p B
B B
c
dp
dB
B dp
dV
V
c
oi
oi ob
o
o
o
o
o
o
Eq(3.18)
% 5 . 1 015 . 0
) 3330 4000 ( 10 8 . 22
2511 . 1
2417 . 1
. .
6
= =
=
A = =
A =

p c
B
B
N
N
F R
p c NB B N
e
ob
oi
Pb
p
e oi o p
Table 2.4 Field PVT
P(psia) Bo (Rb/STB) Rs(SCF/STB) Bg( Rb/SCF)

4000 (pi) 1.2417 510
3500 1.2480 510
3300 (pb) 1.2511 510 0.00087
3000 1.2222 450 0.00096
2700 1.2022 401 0.00107
2400 1.1822 352 0.00119
2100 1.1633 304 0.00137
1800 1.1450 257 0.00161
1500 1.1287 214 0.00196
1200 1.1115 167 0.00249
900 1.0940 122 0.00339
600 1.0763 78 0.00519
300 1.0583 35 0.01066

Bo as Function of Pressure
Rs as Function of Pressure
Bg and E as Function of Pressure
Producing Gas-oil Ratio (R) as Function of Pressure


% 7 . 16 167 . 0
4000
3330 4000
%
10 8 . 22
) 10 6 . 8 2 . 0 10 3 8 . 0 10 3 . 11 (
2 . 0 1
1
1
:
6
6 6 6
= =

= A
=
+ +

+ +
=

p
S
c S c S c
c
Note
wc
f w w o o
e
Below B.P. pressure (Saturation oil)

P<Pb =>gas liberated from saturated oil

1 6
1
6
1 6
1 6 1 6
10 6 . 8
10 3
10 3 . 11
10 300 10 300
3300
1 1 1

=
=
=
= = = = ~
psi c
psi c
psi c
psi c psi
P p
c
f
w
o
g
b
g
Exercise3.2 Solution gas drive; below bubble point pressure
Reservoir-described in exercise 3.1
Pabandon = 900psia
(1) R.F = f(Rp)? Conclusion?
(2) Sg(free gas) = F(Pabandon)?

Solution:

(1) From eq(3.7)

) 7 . 3 ( ) (
1
) 1 ( 1
) ( ) (
] ) ( [

w p e
wc
f wc w
gi
g
oi
g s si oi o
oi g s p o p
B W W
p
S
c S c
m
B
B
m
B
B R R B B
NB B R R B N
+
(
(

A
|
|
.
|

\
|

+
+ +
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
= +
developed is S if negligible is p
S
c S c
NB
W W
cap gas initial no m
P B below gas solution f or
g
wc
f wc w
oi
p e
A

= =
=
)
1
(
0 ; 0
0
. .


Eq(3.7) becomes
) 20 . 3 ( ] ) ( ) [( ] ) ( [
g s si oi o g s p o p
B R R B B N B R R B N + = +
201
344
00339 . 0 ) 122 ( 0940 . 1
00339 . 0 ) 122 510 ( ) 2417 . 1 0940 . 1 (
. .
) (
) ( ) (
. .
900
900
+
=
+
+
= =
+
+
= =
=
=
p p
p
p
p
g s p o
g s si oi o p
R R N
N
F R
B R R B
B R R B B
N
N
F R
Conclusion:
Rp
R
F
1
~
49 . 0 % 49 500
) 55 . ( 3 . 3 .
900
= = =
N
N
STB
SCF
R
p Fig From
p
p


(2) the overall gas balance

) 21 . 3 (
) 1 ( )] ( ) ( [
) (
) 1 (
) 1 ( 1

oi
wc g s p p s si
g
g s p g p p g si
wc
g oi
b
wc wc
oi
NB
S B R R N R R N
S
B R N N B R N B NR
S
S NB
p p f or
S
HCPV
volume pore
S
NB

=
=

>

= =

liberated
gas in the
reservoir
total
amount
of gas
gas
produced
at surface
gas still
dissolved
in the oil
=
4428 . 0 8 . 0 00339 . 0
2417 . 1
)] 122 500 ( 49 . 0 ) 122 510 [(
) 1 (
)] ( ) [(
) 1 ( )] ( ) ( [
=

=

=

=
wc g
oi
s p
p
s si
oi
wc g s p s si
g
S B
B
R R
N
N
R R
NB
S B R R Np R R N
S