Professional Documents
Culture Documents
meraz.shima.aiman
Definition
The small number or part especially if the number is half than the whole number. Students from those groups are also lessfrequently identified as gifted or talented (Elhoweris et al 2005) Students from minority groups who tend to do well academically and can also experience difficulties in schools.
Low socioeconomic status families Minority ethnic groups Linguistic minority background History of academic failure Older in age than classmates Emotional and behavior problems Lack of psychological attachment to school
(Ormrod, 2006)
Make the curriculum relevant to student to students lives and needs Use students strengths to promote high self-esteem Communicate high expectations for students performance Encourage and facilitate school involvement and extracurricular activities
(Ormrod, 2006)
permanent changes in behavior as a result of life experiences permanent changes in mental representations or associations as a result of life experiences
(Ormrod, 2004)
Student-directed instruction promotes prior knowledge activation Meaningful learning occurs only when students can relate new information to prior knowledge Meaningful learning facilitates both storage and retrieval of information
(Ormrod, 2004)
Allow students many opportunities for practice and learning Use scaffolding for complex tasks Implement authentic activities: Homeworks must require prior knowledge Create activities that promote HOTS Convey high performance expectations
(Ormrod, 2004)
Intrinsic (internal) motivation has more advantages than extrinsic (external) motivation. Intrinsically motivate students by Creating meaningful lessons Promoting authentic engagement Encouraging students success Promoting pleasure and enjoyment
Goal setting influences motivation Goals influence choices and consequences that are reinforcing Goals effect the extent that students become cognitively engaged
(Ormrod, 2004)
Goal attainment results in considerable selfsatisfaction, greater self-efficacy, and higher standards for future performances. Goals are beneficial only to the extent that they are accomplishable. Setting goals is an important part of selfregulated behavior and learning.
Communicate high student expectations Establish routines Positive feedback Encourage individual mastery goal setting Relate failures to controllable external factors or unstable and controllable internal factors Relate successes to stable and unstable internal factors
(Ormrod, 2004)
Teachers communicate their attributions for learners performances directly through statements and indirectly through emotional reactions. Teachers evaluate students on the basis of mastery and not one another. Teachers should encourage students to take on challenges and risks. Classroom activities should be noncompetitive.
(Ormrod, 2004)
Teachers must believe that they themselves have some control over students learning and achievement. By using instructional strategies that promote long-term memory storage, by scaffolding challenging tasks, and promoting HOTS they can genuinely help students master school subject matter. Teachers must believe that all students can learn.