You are on page 1of 23

Presented by: Dr.

Shiwani Bansal

Introduction

Rapid urbanization is a global phenomenon today. It is integral part of the process of the development. Urban development connotes provision of basic facilities and services in urban areas. The pace of urbanization and the technological changes following it have brought transformation in the way of living of the people especially in urban areas.

Meaning of
Urbanization

Urbanization is the physical growth of urban areas as a result of global change. Kingsley Davis has explained urbanization as process of switch from spread out pattern of human settlements to one of concentration in urban centers. He has mentioned three stages in the process of urbanization:

The initial stage characterized by rural traditional society with predominance in agriculture and dispersed pattern of settlements. Acceleration stage where basic restructuring of the economy and investments in social overhead capitals including transportation communication take place. Terminal stage where urban population exceeds 70% or more. At this stage level of urbanization remains more or less same or constant.

Loopsided urbanization induces growth of class I cities Urbanization occurs without industrialization and strong economic base Urbanization is mainly a product demographic explosion and poverty induced rural- urban migration. Urbanization occurs not due to urban pull but due to rural push. Poor quality of rural urban migration leads to poor quality of urbanization. Distress migration initiates urban decay.

Migration refers to directed, regular, or systematic movement of a group of objects, organisms, or people. Human migration is physical movement by humans from one area to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups.

Seasonal human migration mainly related to agriculture. Rural to Urban, more common in developing countries as industrialization takes effect (urbanization) Urban to Rural, more common in developed countries due to a higher cost of urban living (suburbanization) International migration

Lees Push-Pull Theory divided factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: Push factors: Push factors are things that are bad about the country that one lives in. Pull factors: They are things that attract one to another area.

Push Factors
Primitive conditions Desertification Famine or drought Political fear or persecution Poor medical care Loss of wealth Natural disasters Death threats Lack of political or religious freedom Pollution

Poor housing Landlord/tenant issues Bullying Discrimination Poor chances of marrying

Pull Factors
Job opportunities Better living conditions Political and/or religious freedom Enjoyment Education Better medical care Attractive climates Security Family links Industry Better chances of marrying

Impact of Migration
The impact of migration may be positive which are listed as advantages. There may also be a negative impact that is listed as disadvantages.

Advantages
Migrants frequently settle in places with lesser population. These places would be having a shortage of skilled labor due to the decreased population. The migrants bring with them enough skills that will help support the economy. The migrants may be skilled people like doctors or unskilled people like construction workers. Migrants will be usually willing to fill job vacancies that local people are unwilling to fill. These include jobs such as babysitting, cleaning and other such activities. This is an advantage for the existing community. The integration of people into the new culture can lead to an enrichment of the cultural diversity in areas such as arts, music and dance.

Disadvantages
Migrants may have to suffer in the new place due to atrocities such as racial abuse. They may also be discriminated in the new place. This may lead to an increase in the crime rate of the place where the migrant has arrived. A large migrant influx may lead to an increased burden on the existing resources of the place. This may in turn again lead to strife between the migrant and the people who were living there. Migration often also may lead to a decrease in the economy of the place where they have arrived. This is because of the increased costs that the place has to put up with. The costs may be associated with the increased expenditure to provide adequate housing, food and health care to the migrant population.

These are the advantages and disadvantages faced by the migrant as well as the place where the migrant has settled. Governments and local aid organizations have a large role to play in providing adequate care for the migrant. The local population also, has to be pacified to tale in the migrant. The onus will be on the authorities to cause a positive ripple rather than a negative one.

You might also like