Oracle Part1

Introduction
Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Data Storage on Different Media

SALGRADE
GRADE LOSAL HISAL --------- --------- --------DEPT 1 700 1200 DEPTNO DNAME LOC 2 1201 1400 --------- -------------- ---------3 1401 2000 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 4 2001 3000 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 5 3001 9999 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
Database Electronic spreadsheet

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Filing cabinet
Relational Database Concept

Dr. E. F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.
It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).

The relational model consists of the following:
Collection of objects or relations
Set of operators to act on the relations Data integrity for accuracy and consistency
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Relational Database Definition

A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.
Database
Table Name: EMP

EMPNO DEPTNO 7839 10 ENAME KING JOB PRESIDENT
Table Name: DEPT

DEPTNO 10 20 30 DNAME ACCOUNTING RESEARCH SALES LOC NEW YORK DALLAS CHICAGO
7698 7782 10 7566 I-4
BLAKE CLARK
JONES
MANAGER MANAGER
30
40
OPERATIONS
BOSTON
MANAGER 20 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.
Data Models
Model of system in clients mind
Entity model of clients model Table model of entity model
Server
Tables on disk
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Entity Relationship Model

Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives
EMPLOYEE #* number * name o job title DEPARTMENT #* number * name composed of o location
assigned to
Scenario . . . Assign one or more employees to a department . . . . . . Some departments do not yet have assigned employees . . .
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Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions

Entity Soft box Singular, unique name Uppercase Synonym in parentheses Attribute Singular name Lowercase Mandatory marked with * Optional marked with o
EMPLOYEE #* number * name o job title
assigned to
composed of
DEPARTMENT #* number * name o location
Unique Identifier (UID) Primary marked with # Secondary marked with (#)
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Relational Database Terminology

2
EMPNO ENAME JOB
3
MGR HIREDATE SAL
4
COMM DEPTNO ----------10 30 10 20 1400 300 30 30 30 30 500 30 20 20
------------- ------------ --------------------- -------- ---------------- ----------- -------------7839 KING 7698 BLAKE 7782 CLARK 7566 JONES 7654 MARTIN 7499 ALLEN PRESIDENT MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER SALESMAN SALESMAN 7839 7839 7839 7698 7698 7698 7698 7698 7566 7902 17-NOV-81 01-MAY-81 09-JUN-81 02-APR-81 28-SEP-81 20-FEB-81 08-SEP-81 03-DEC-81 22-FEB-81 03-DEC-81 17-DEC-80 5000 2850 2450 2975 1250 1600 1500 950 1250 3000 800
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7900 JAMES 7521 WARD 7902 FORD 7369 SMITH CLERK SALESMAN ANALYST CLERK
7788
7876
SCOTT
ADAMS MILLER
ANALYST
CLERK CLERK
7566
7788 7782
09-DEC-82
12-JAN-83 23-JAN-82
3000
1100 1300
20
20 10
1
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7934
Relating Multiple Tables

Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).
You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).
Table Name: EMP
EMPNO DEPTNO 7839 10 7698 ENAME KING BLAKE JOB PRESIDENT MANAGER 30
Table Name: DEPT

DEPTNO 10 20 30 40 DNAME ACCOUNTING RESEARCH SALES OPERATIONS LOC NEW YORK DALLAS CHICAGO BOSTON
7782 10 7566
CLARK
JONES
MANAGER
MANAGER 20
Primary key
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Foreign key
Primary key
Relational Database Properties

A relational database Can be accessed and modified by executing structured query language (SQL) statements Contains a collection of tables with no physical pointers Uses a set of operators
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Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL

SQL statement is entered
SQL> SELECT loc 2 FROM dept;
Statement is sent to database
Database
Data is displayed
LOC ------------NEW YORK DALLAS CHICAGO BOSTON
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SQL Statements
SELECT INSERT UPDATE DELETE CREATE ALTER DROP RENAME TRUNCATE COMMIT ROLLBACK SAVEPOINT GRANT REVOKE
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Data retrieval
Data manipulation language (DML)
Data definition language (DDL)
Transaction control
Data control language (DCL)
What Is PL/SQL?
PL/SQL is an extension to SQL with design features of programming languages. Data manipulation and query statements of SQL are included within procedural units of code.
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PL/SQL Environment
PL/SQL engine PL/SQL block PL/SQL block PL/SQL SQL Procedural Statement Executor
SQL Statement Executor Oracle10g Server
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Benefits of PL/SQL
It is portable. You can declare identifiers. You can program with procedural language control structures. It can handle errors.
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SQL and SQL*Plus Interaction

SQL Statements
Server
SQL*Plus
Query Results
Buffer
SQL scripts
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SQL Statements Versus SQL*Plus Commands

SQL A language ANSI standard Keyword cannot be abbreviated Statements manipulate data and table definitions in the database
SQL statements
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SQL*Plus An environment Oracle proprietary Keywords can be abbreviated Commands do not allow manipulation of values in the database
SQL buffer
SQL*Plus commands
SQL*Plus buffer
Overview of SQL*Plus
Log in to SQL*Plus.
Describe the table structure.

Edit your SQL statement. Execute SQL from SQL*Plus. Save SQL statements to files and append SQL statements to files. Execute saved files. Load commands from file to buffer to edit.
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Logging In to SQL*Plus
From Windows environment:
From command line: sqlplus [username[/password [@database]]]

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Tables Used in the Course

EMP
EMPNO --------7839 7698 7782 7566 7654 7499 7844 7900 ENAME ---------KING BLAKE CLARK JONES MARTIN ALLEN TURNER JAMES JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO --------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --------PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10 MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30 MANAGER MANAGER SALESMAN SALESMAN SALESMAN CLERK 7839 7839 7698 7698 7698 7698 09-JUN-81 02-APR-81 28-SEP-81 20-FEB-81 08-SEP-81 03-DEC-81 1500 2975 1250 1600 1500 950 10 20 30 30 30 30
1400 300 0
DEPT
DEPTNO --------10 20 30 40
7521 DNAMEWARD 7902 FORD -------------7369 SMITH ACCOUNTING 7788 SCOTT RESEARCH 7876 SALESADAMS 7934 MILLER OPERATIONS
SALESMAN LOC ANALYST ---------CLERK NEW YORK ANALYST DALLAS CLERK CHICAGO CLERK BOSTON
7698 7566 7902 7566 7788 7782
22-FEB-81 03-DEC-81 17-DEC-80 09-DEC-82 12-JAN-83 23-JAN-82
1250 500 30 SALGRADE 3000 20 800 20 GRADE LOSAL HISAL 3000 --------- --------20 --------1100 1 20 700 1200 1300 2 10 1201 1400 3 1401 2000 4 2001 3000 5 3001 9999
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Displaying Table Structure

Use the SQL*Plus DESCRIBE command to display the structure of a table.
DESC[RIBE] tablename
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Displaying Table Structure

SQL> DESCRIBE dept
Name Null? ----------------- -------DEPTNO NOT NULL DNAME LOC
Type ---NUMBER(2) VARCHAR2(14) VARCHAR2(13)
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Writing Basic SQL Statements
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Selection Projection
Table 1
Join
Table 1
Table 1
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Table 2
Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT FROM [DISTINCT] {*, column [alias],...} table;
SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table
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Writing SQL Statements

SQL statements are not case sensitive. SQL statements can be on one or more lines. Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines.
Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.

Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability.
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Selecting All Columns

SQL> SELECT * 2 FROM dept; DEPTNO --------10 20 30 40 DNAME -------------ACCOUNTING RESEARCH SALES OPERATIONS LOC ------------NEW YORK DALLAS CHICAGO BOSTON
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Selecting Specific Columns

SQL> SELECT deptno, loc 2 FROM dept; DEPTNO --------10 20 30 40 LOC ------------NEW YORK DALLAS CHICAGO BOSTON
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Column Label Defaults

Default justification
Left: Date and character data Right: Numeric data
Default display: Uppercase
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Arithmetic Expressions
Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE data types by using arithmetic operators.
Operator + Description Add Subtract
*
/
Multiply
Divide
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Using Arithmetic Operators

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, sal+300 2 FROM emp; ENAME SAL SAL+300 ---------- --------- --------KING 5000 5300 BLAKE 2850 3150 CLARK 2450 2750 JONES 2975 3275 MARTIN 1250 1550 ALLEN 1600 1900 ... 14 rows selected.
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Operator Precedence
* / +
Multiplication and division take priority over addition and subtraction.

Operators of the same priority are evaluated from left to right. Parentheses are used to force prioritized evaluation and to clarify statements.
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Operator Precedence
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*sal+100 2 FROM emp; ENAME SAL 12*SAL+100 ---------- --------- ---------KING 5000 60100 BLAKE 2850 34300 CLARK 2450 29500 JONES 2975 35800 MARTIN 1250 15100 ALLEN 1600 19300 ... 14 rows selected.
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Using Parentheses
SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*(sal+100) 2 FROM emp; ENAME SAL 12*(SAL+100) ---------- --------- ----------KING 5000 61200 BLAKE 2850 35400 CLARK 2450 30600 JONES 2975 36900 MARTIN 1250 16200 ... 14 rows selected.
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Defining a Null Value

A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned, unknown, or inapplicable. A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
SQL> SELECT 2 FROM ename, job, comm emp;
ENAME JOB COMM ---------- --------- --------KING PRESIDENT BLAKE MANAGER ... TURNER SALESMAN 0 ... 14 rows selected.
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Null Values in Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value evaluate to null.
SQL> select ename NAME, 12*sal+comm 2 from emp 3 WHERE ename='KING';
NAME 12*SAL+COMM ---------- ----------KING
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Defining a Column Alias

Renames a column heading Is useful with calculations Immediately follows column name; optional AS keyword between column name and alias Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters or is case sensitive
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Using Column Aliases

SQL> SELECT ename AS name, sal salary 2 FROM emp; NAME SALARY ------------- --------...
SQL> SELECT ename "Name", 2 sal*12 "Annual Salary" 3 FROM emp;

Name Annual Salary ------------- -------------
...
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Concatenation Operator
Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns Is represented by two vertical bars (||) Creates a resultant column that is a character expression
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Using the Concatenation Operator

SQL> SELECT 2 FROM ename||job AS "Employees" emp;
Employees ------------------KINGPRESIDENT BLAKEMANAGER CLARKMANAGER JONESMANAGER MARTINSALESMAN ALLENSALESMAN ... 14 rows selected.
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Literal Character Strings

A literal is a character, expression, or number included in the SELECT list. Date and character literal values must be enclosed within single quotation marks.
Each character string is output once for each row returned.
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Using Literal Character Strings

SQL> SELECT ename ||' '||'is a'||' '||job 2 AS "Employee Details" 3 FROM emp; Employee Details ------------------------KING is a PRESIDENT BLAKE is a MANAGER CLARK is a MANAGER JONES is a MANAGER MARTIN is a SALESMAN ... 14 rows selected.
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Duplicate Rows
The default display of queries is all rows, including duplicate rows.
SQL> SELECT deptno 2 FROM emp;
DEPTNO --------10 30 10 20 ... 14 rows selected.
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Eliminating Duplicate Rows

Eliminate duplicate rows by using the DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT deptno 2 FROM emp;
DEPTNO --------10 20 30
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SQL*Plus Editing Commands

A[PPEND] text
C[HANGE] / old / new

C[HANGE] / text / CL[EAR] BUFF[ER] DEL DEL n DEL m n
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SQL*Plus Editing Commands

I[NPUT] I[NPUT] text L[IST] L[IST] n
L[IST] m n
R[UN] n
n text
0 text
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SQL*Plus File Commands

SAVE filename GET filename START filename @ filename
EDIT filename
SPOOL filename EXIT
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Practice Overview
Selecting all data from different tables. Describing the structure of tables. Performing arithmetic calculations and specifying column names. Using SQL*Plus editor.
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Restricting and Sorting Data
Limiting Rows Using a Selection

EMP
EMPNO ENAME 7839 7698 7782 7566 ... KING BLAKE CLARK JONES JOB PRESIDENT MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER ... DEPTNO 10 30 10 20
retrieve all employees in department 10
EMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO 10 10 10
7839 KING PRESIDENT 7782 CLARK MANAGER 7934 MILLER CLERK
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Limiting Rows Selected

Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.
SELECT FROM [WHERE [DISTINCT] {*, column [alias], ...} table condition(s)];
The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
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Using the WHERE Clause

SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job='CLERK';
ENAME ---------JAMES SMITH ADAMS MILLER
JOB DEPTNO --------- --------CLERK 30 CLERK 20 CLERK 20 CLERK 10
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Character Strings and Dates

Character strings and date values are enclosed in single quotation marks Character values are case-sensitive and date values are format-sensitive
Default date format is 'DD-MON-YY'

SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE ename, job, deptno emp ename = 'JAMES';
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Comparison Operators
Operator
= > >= < <= <>
Meaning
Equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Less than Less than or equal to Not equal to
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Using the Comparison Operators

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, comm 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE sal<=comm;
ENAME SAL COMM ---------- --------- --------MARTIN 1250 1400
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Other Comparison Operators

Operator BETWEEN ...AND... IN(list) LIKE IS NULL Meaning Between two values (inclusive)
Match any of a list of values Match a character pattern Is a null value
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Using the BETWEEN Operator

Use the BETWEEN operator to display rows based on a range of values.
SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE ename, sal emp sal BETWEEN 1000 AND 1500;
ENAME SAL ---------- --------MARTIN 1250 TURNER 1500 WARD 1250 ADAMS 1100 MILLER 1300
Lower limit
Higher limit
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Using the IN Operator

Use the IN operator to test for values in a list.
SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE empno, ename, sal, mgr emp mgr IN (7902, 7566, 7788);
EMPNO --------7902 7369 7788 7876
ENAME SAL MGR ---------- --------- --------FORD 3000 7566 SMITH 800 7902 SCOTT 3000 7566 ADAMS 1100 7788
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Using the LIKE Operator

Use the LIKE operator to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values.
Search conditions can contain either literal characters or numbers.

(%) denotes zero or many characters
( _ ) denotes one character

SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE ename emp ename LIKE 'S%';
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Using the LIKE Operator

You can combine pattern matching characters.
SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE ENAME ---------JAMES WARD ename emp ename LIKE '_A%';
You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for % or _.

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Using the IS NULL Operator

Test for null values with the IS NULL operator
SQL> SELECT 2 FROM 3 WHERE ename, mgr emp mgr IS NULL;
ENAME MGR ---------- --------KING
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Logical Operators
Operator AND OR Meaning Returns TRUE if both component conditions are TRUE Returns TRUE if either component condition is TRUE Returns TRUE if the following condition is FALSE
NOT
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Using the AND Operator

AND requires both conditions to be TRUE.
SQL> 2 3 4 SELECT FROM WHERE AND empno, ename, job, sal emp sal>=1100 job='CLERK'; JOB SAL --------- --------CLERK 1100 CLERK 1300
EMPNO --------7876 7934
ENAME ---------ADAMS MILLER
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Using the OR Operator

OR requires either condition to be TRUE.
SQL> 2 3 4 SELECT FROM WHERE OR empno, ename, job, sal emp sal>=1100 job='CLERK';
EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL --------- ---------- --------- --------7839 7698 7782 7566 7654 KING BLAKE CLARK JONES MARTIN PRESIDENT MANAGER MANAGER MANAGER SALESMAN 5000 2850 2450 2975 1250
... 14 rows selected.

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Using the NOT Operator

SQL> SELECT ename, job 2 FROM emp 3 WHERE job NOT IN ('CLERK','MANAGER','ANALYST');
ENAME ---------KING MARTIN ALLEN TURNER WARD
JOB --------PRESIDENT SALESMAN SALESMAN SALESMAN SALESMAN
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Rules of Precedence
Order Evaluated 1 2 3 4 Operator All comparison operators NOT AND OR
Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.

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Rules of Precedence
SQL> 2 3 4 5 SELECT FROM WHERE OR AND ename, job, sal emp job='SALESMAN' job='PRESIDENT' sal>1500;
ENAME ---------KING MARTIN ALLEN TURNER WARD
JOB SAL --------- --------PRESIDENT 5000 SALESMAN 1250 SALESMAN 1600 SALESMAN 1500 SALESMAN 1250
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Rules of Precedence
Use parentheses to force priority.
SQL> 2 3 4 5 SELECT FROM WHERE OR AND ename, job, sal emp (job='SALESMAN' job='PRESIDENT') sal>1500;
ENAME ---------KING ALLEN
JOB SAL --------- --------PRESIDENT 5000 SALESMAN 1600
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ORDER BY Clause
Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause ASC: ascending order, default DESC: descending order The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY hiredate;
ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE ---------- --------- --------- --------SMITH CLERK 20 17-DEC-80 ALLEN SALESMAN 30 20-FEB-81 ... 14 rows selected.
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Sorting in Descending Order

SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno, hiredate 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY hiredate DESC; ENAME JOB DEPTNO HIREDATE ---------- --------- --------- --------ADAMS CLERK 20 12-JAN-83 SCOTT ANALYST 20 09-DEC-82 MILLER CLERK 10 23-JAN-82 JAMES CLERK 30 03-DEC-81 FORD ANALYST 20 03-DEC-81 KING PRESIDENT 10 17-NOV-81 MARTIN SALESMAN 30 28-SEP-81 ... 14 rows selected.
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Sorting by Column Alias

SQL> SELECT empno, ename, sal*12 annsal 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY annsal; EMPNO ENAME ANNSAL --------- ---------- --------7369 SMITH 9600 7900 JAMES 11400 7876 ADAMS 13200 7654 MARTIN 15000 7521 WARD 15000 7934 MILLER 15600 7844 TURNER 18000 ... 14 rows selected.
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Sorting by Multiple Columns

The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.
SQL> SELECT ename, deptno, sal 2 FROM emp 3 ORDER BY deptno, sal DESC; ENAME DEPTNO SAL ---------- --------- --------KING 10 5000 CLARK 10 2450 MILLER 10 1300 FORD 20 3000 ... 14 rows selected.
You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.

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Summary
SELECT FROM [WHERE [ORDER BY [DISTINCT] {*, column [alias], ...} table condition(s)] {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];
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Practice Overview
Selecting data and changing the order of rows displayed Restricting rows by using the WHERE clause Using the double-quotation-marks in column aliases
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Oracle Part1

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Introduction

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Data Storage on Different Media

Database Electronic spreadsheet

Relational Database Concept

It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Definition

Table Name: EMP

Table Name: DEPT

7698 7782 10 7566 I-4

MANAGER 20 Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Model of system in clients mind

Entity model of clients model Table model of entity model

Entity Relationship Model

Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions

EMPLOYEE #* number * name o job title

DEPARTMENT #* number * name o location

Relational Database Terminology

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relating Multiple Tables

Table Name: DEPT

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Relational Database Properties

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL

Statement is sent to database

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Data manipulation language (DML)

Data definition language (DDL)

Data control language (DCL)

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

SQL Statement Executor Oracle10g Server

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

SQL and SQL*Plus Interaction

SQL Statements Versus SQL*Plus Commands

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Describe the table structure.

From command line: sqlplus [username[/password [@database]]]

Tables Used in the Course

7698 7566 7902 7566 7788 7782

22-FEB-81 03-DEC-81 17-DEC-80 09-DEC-82 12-JAN-83 23-JAN-82

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Displaying Table Structure

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Displaying Table Structure

Name Null? ----------------- -------DEPTNO NOT NULL DNAME LOC

Type ---NUMBER(2) VARCHAR2(14) VARCHAR2(13)

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Writing Basic SQL Statements

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT identifies what columns FROM identifies which table

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Writing SQL Statements

Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.

Selecting All Columns

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.

Selecting Specific Columns

Copyright Oracle Corporation, 1998. All rights reserved.