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VCO
PFD
Basic blocks
Phase frequency detector (PFD) Loop filter (including charge pump) Voltage controlled oscillator Frequency divider
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Functions the same way as a mixer But converting to DC (same frequencies) Same mixer circuits can be used
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Gilbert cell
Waveforms
CMOS versions
Based on the Gilbert cell Can operate at a lower supply voltage because the mixer does not use stacking Source followers give better linearity Has a smaller mixer gain because sharing the bias currents with the followers reduces gm
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The Charge-Pump converts the phase error information provided by the PFD into a voltage that controls the VCO frequency. If UP is high, top switch is closed and charge is injected into capacitor, increasing voltage Vout If DWN is high, bottom switch is closed and charge is extracted from capacitor,decreasing voltage Vout
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State diagram
Up=0; Dn=0;
Up=0; Dn=1;
Up=1; Dn=0;
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Non-idealities
In practical PFD the delay of the gates creates non-idealities in the phase input/output characteristic. The PFD can no longer resolve very small phase errors, and a dead zone is created. To solve this problem, extra delay is introduced in the feedback path of reset signal.
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Current leakage
When the source/sink currents are off, leakage currents can flow and modify the VCO control voltage of the VCO by charging/discharging the loop filter. Spurs are introduced.
Charge sharing
Parasitic capacitances from the switches share charge with the loop filter when the nodes they are connected to have a large change in their voltage.
Charge injection
Occurs when switches are turned off and the charge in their channels is injected/extracted to the loop filter. Spurs are introduced
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Precharge PFD
S. Kim, et. al., A 960-Mb/s/pin Interface for Skew-Tolerant Bus Using Low Jitter PLL, IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 32, No. 5, may 1997, pp. 691-700.
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