Internetworking Devices

Chapter 10

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Chapter Objectives

Explain repeater Discuss the working of a bridge and its types Explain the working and features of routers Explain the operation of hubs and hub configurations Discuss the working of switch and different switching methods Explain gateway Describe multi-protocol routers, brouters and layer 3 switches Explain routing protocols Troubleshoot different networking devices
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Recall - I

Internet Protocol (IP) address is a 32 bit unique address used by computers for communication. Classful IP addressing and Classless IP addressing are types of IP addressing. List of classful IP addresses are: Class A address Class B address Class C address Class D address Class E address

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Recall - II

Special addresses are IP addresses which are never used on the public internet. They are Private addresses Loop-back addresses Link-local addresses Mobile IP protocol allows mobile device users to move from one network to another while maintaining their permanent IP address.

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Introducing Network Elements

Networking devices interconnects networks Manage data flow and network traffic
Networking Devices

Repeaters

Hubs

Bridges

Switches

Routers

Gateways

Other Devices

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Repeaters

Operate at Physical Layer of the OSI model

Reshape the weak signal Connect two segments of the same LAN
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Hubs - I

Simplest and low cost device Also known as Multi-port Repeater Operate at Physical Layer like Repeater Data transfer to all the ports Hub types:

Active hub Provides signal regeneration Passive hub No signal regeneration Intelligent hub Provides management of each port

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Operation of Hub

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Hubs Configurations

Hub configurations can be used to expand networks.

Hub Configurations

Standalone

Stackable

Modular

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Bridges - I

Layer 2 devices as works at Data Link Layer of the OSI model Interconnect multiple LANs and manages data flow

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Bridges - II

Working of a bridge

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Bridges - III

Capable of passing a frame Check Physical address Pass frame to the specified segment Perform error checking on the frame
Bridges

Transparent Bridge

Translational Bridge

Source-route Bridge

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Bridges - IV

Features Easy to use as just plug in device Helps in network expansion Divides large network into small segments Used for increasing network reliability Disadvantages Frames are buffered so provides network delay During high traffic may overload network Does not filter broadcast packets Expensive than Repeaters

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Switches

Provide signal flow management Replace slower hub Being a Data Link Layer device uses MAC address for data transfer Data transfer to specific port
Switching Methods

Cut-through Method
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Store & Forward Method

Fragment-Free Method
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Routers - I

Operate at Network Layer of the OSI model Can connect nearer or far network segments
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Routers - II

Decide the best route with the help of network layer address Responsible for Source to Destination delivery of packet Router types:

Static router Routing tables are manually configured Dynamic router Routing tables are automatically configured

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Routing Protocols - I

Helps routers to learn network topology and network changes Routing algorithms are used by routing protocols for deciding the path

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Gateways - I

Operate at all layers of the OSI model Act as gate to other networks A default gateway is on the same subnet as your computer
Gateway Types

Address Gateway

Protocol Gateway

Application Gateway

Transport Gateway

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Gateways - II

Address Gateway Interconnects same protocol networks Protocol Gateway Interconnects different protocol networks Application Gateway Connects two parts of applications Transport Gateway Connects networks at transport layer

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Other Devices - I
Other Devices

Multi-Protocol Routers

Brouters

Layer 3 Switches

Multi-protocol router supports multiple communication protocols Like router, it operates at Network Layer
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Other Devices - II

Brouter provides combined functions of Bridge and Router Works at two layers, Data Link and Network Can operate only as bridge or only as router High performance switch operating at network layer is Layer 3 Switch

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Summary - I

Repeater is basically a regenerator as it regenerates the signal Repeater and Hub are layer 1 devices as they operate at the Physical layer of the OSI model A multi-port repeater is known as Hub Hubs are of three types, active hub, passive hub and intelligent hub Active hub regenerates the signal before passing and Passive hub does not regenerate signal Types of bridges are Transparent bridge, Translational bridge and Source-route bridge

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Summary - II

Switch filters and forwards data to the destination Switch uses cut through, store and forward or fragment free method for switching A router is an intelligent device which functions at the Network layer Router is capable of connecting many network segments even though the segments are far Routers are of two types, Static router and Dynamic router The Netstsat and Route Print commands are used to view the routing table

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Summary - III

Routing algorithms are used by the routing protocols to determine the next port to which the packet is to be sent Routing protocols are of two types, interior and exterior RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF and IS-IS are interior routing protocols and BGP is an exterior routing protocol OSPF and IS-IS uses Link state algorithm BGP uses path vector routing
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Summary - IV

Gateway is a networking device which converts data format and not actual data Backbone is a segment that connects other segments Multi-protocol routers support more than one communication protocols and works at network layer Brouter provides combinational functions of a bridge and a router As name suggests Layer 3 switch operates at layer 3 i.e. network layer of the OSI model

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