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ILLUMINATION

CONTENTS
1. Course Outcomes and Program Outcomes 6. Lighting Control Strategies

2. Learning Outcomes

5. Cost comparison between Fluorescent Lamp and Bulb

3. Types of Lighting and Units

4. Natural and Artificial Lighting

This chapter address CO 2 & PO 1 :

CO2: Explain the application of electrical and mechanical equipment, safety precaution and control of the building.

PO1: Ability to acquire and apply basic knowledge of science, mathematics and engineering.

Lesson Outcomes

By the end of this session, students should be able to: List and describe between natural and artificial lighting. b. Differentiate between natural and artificial lighting.
a.

Control of Lighting & Their Usage


1.

Types of Lighting
There are two (2) types

________ lighting and ________ lighting


A room or a building can be supplied by natural or artificial lighting or mixed of both. It is more economical to supply & design with max usage of natural lighting, thus saving the cost of energy.

2.

Units
Light is an electromagnet wave that is visible & travel at _________ km/s Brightness of light

________ (Cd)

Brightness of light falling on an object or lux

1 lux = 1 lumen/m2 = 1 lm/m2

3.

Natural Lighting

Directly from _____________________ by them Usually referred to daylight coming through a window either fixed or adjustable If a building uses only natural lighting during the day, amount needed depends upon Daylight Factor (D.F) D.F depends upon:

i. ii. iii. iv.

_____________ __________________________ ____________________ _________________

If natural lighting cannot fulfill requirement of D.F, artificial lighting must be added.

4.

Artificial Lighting
_________________ (i.e light from bulbs & candles) Unlike natural lighting, artificial lighting is controllable Design of artificial lighting depends upon:

i. Extent of usage, alone or supplement to artificial lighting ii. _________________ iii. _________________ iv. Aesthetic (i.e colour, form & effects) v. ____________ vi. Weight of lamp units + components vii. Maintenance (i.e longevity & accessibility) viii. ______________

Types of lamp

i. Tungsten Filament or Incandescent uses fine tungsten wire as _________. when filament resists current, then temperature rise, light out. rating : 5W 1500W & last for 1000hrs

a) ______________ lamps

Incandescent lamps have relatively ______lives (typically 1000 to 2000 hours of use) and are the least efficient of common light sources. Only about 15 percent of the energy they use comes out as light the rest becomes heat. produce a pleasant color that is similar to natural sunlight. Incandescent lamps are the least expensive to buy but the most expensive to operate. Reduced-wattage incandescent produce about the same light output but consume less energy than standard bulbs.

b) ___________________ Halogen lamps are a type of incandescent lamp that has become increasingly popular in recent years. produce a ________, more intense light than standard incandescent and are typically used for decorative, display or accent lighting. Halogen spotlights also have good focusing ability in small areas. They are about twice as efficient as regular incandescent lamps and last two to four times longer than most incandescent lamps.

Incandescent lamps

Tungsten-halogen

c) Compact Fluorescent Lamps Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) are similar in operation to standard fluorescent lamps but are manufactured to produce colors similar to incandescent lamps. They are available in a range of types and sizes to meet most applications including downlighting, ambience, task and general space lighting. CFLs are about four times as efficient as incandescent and last up to 10 times longer. Lamp ballast combinations that replace incandescent in standard fixtures are substantially more expensive than their incandescent counterparts.

ii. Discharge Lamps


operated by passing electricity (current) through a gas or vapour. disadvantages: take time for full brightness advantages: last longer & better lights

two types: a) High pressure mercury discharge lamps - use ________ vapour & 5 mins to full brightness. - Orange yellow. -Install at __________, road junctions, high risk area

High-intensity discharge (HID) This category of high output light sources that includes mercury vapor, metal halide, high-pressure sodium and low-pressure sodium lighting. As with fluorescent lights, HID lights require a ballast for proper lamp operation. The efficiency of HID sources varies widely from mercury vapor with an efficiency almost as low as incandescent to low-pressure sodium which is among the most efficient light sources. Color rendering varies widely from the bluish cast of mercury vapor lamps to the distinctly yellow light of low-pressure sodium.

b) Low pressure sodium discharge lamps


- use sodium vapour & 15 mins to full brightness - white to bluish. Installed as street lighting.

iii. Tubular Fluorescent Lamps

uses low pressure mercury vapour coating will provide various emitting light colours. available in long tube with straight, oval, compact & circular.

Cost Comparison of Incandescent and Fluorescent Lamps


Lamp Type Incandescent Fluorescent Energy Costs Much _______ Much ________ First Cost Lower Higher Maintenance Costs __________ ___________

Lighting Control Strategies


Control of lighting systems ranges from the most basic and familiar manual wall switch to sophisticated computer control lighting management systems. Modern advances on occupant sensing and day lighting add additional cost-effective options for managing lighting systems. Forms of automatic lighting control include:

Time clocks and photocells simple, reliable and cost-effective methods of controlling lighting systems. Occupancy sensors sound and heat-sensing technology used to detect the presence of people in a space and turn lights off when spaces are unoccupied. They include delays and logic systems to avoid false or too frequent turning off of light fixtures. Dimming technologies include common manual dimming switches as well as more sophisticated technology that automatically reduce light output according to the availability of daylight or other ambient light. While dimming of incandescent lamps is common, dimming of fluorescent fixtures can only be accomplished if they have ballasts designed specially for dimming applications. Daylighting controls adjust light output levels from fixtures in perimeter areas next to windows or under skylights in response to natural outdoor light entering the building. Daylighting controls are available in continuous dimming and stepped reduction models. Automated lighting management systems provide centralized computer control of lighting systems.

THE END.

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