Personality

CHAPTER TWO
PERSONALITY
UGC/TRIEA/UNOM/DOMS/PTS
OB/L02/S 1
 Q: What is Personality?
 A: are all people the same?
OB/L02/S 2
PERSONALITY-DEFINITION
a. Salvatore Maddi
Personality is a stable set of characteristics
and tendencies that determine those
commonalties and differences in the
psychological behaviour (thoughts, feelings
and actions) of people that have continuity in
time and that may not be easily understood as
the sole result of the social and biological
pressures of the moment.
OB/L02/S 3
(Contd.)
b. Gordon Allport
Personality is the dynamic
organization within the individual
of those psychophysical systems
that determines his unique
adjustment to his environment.
OB/L02/S 4
(Contd.)
c. R.T. Hogan
Personality refers to the relatively
stable pattern of behaviours and
consistent internal states that
explains a persons behavioural
tendencies.
OB/L02/S 5
(Contd.)
d. Stephen Robbins
Personality is the sum total of
ways in which an individual reacts
and interacts with others.
OB/L02/S 6
PERSONALITY
DETERMINANTS
 HEREDITY Vs. ENVIRONMENT

 NATURE Vs. NUTURE
 Also- SITUATION
OB/L02/S 7
PERSONALITY AND OB
 Personality and performance
 Personality and work behaviour
OB/L02/S 8
MAJOR PERSONALITY
ATTRIBUTES INFLUENCING
1.
OB
Type A Behaviour
2. Authoritarianism
3. Bureaucratic
4. Machiavellianism
5. Locus of control
6. Goal orientation
OB/L02/S 9
1. TYPE A BEHAVIOUR
 Restless, Impatient,
 Does several things at once,
 Starts another before completing one,
 Schedules too many work in less time,
 Has no time to relax and enjoy
 Is stress prone
OB/L02/S 10
2. AUTHORITARIANISM
 Blind acceptance of authority

 Conservation, strong parental
control
 Make good followers
 Dogmatic
OB/L02/S 11
3. BUREAUCRATIC
 Respect for authority not totally

blind
 Rule bound; do not take risks
 Better supervisors in routine,
repetitive, proceduralised work.
OB/L02/S 12
4. MACHIAVELLIANISM
 Cool, calculating
 Use others to serve their own goals
 Do not hesitate to lie
 Not swayed by friendship, trust,
loyalty.
 Exploit vulnerable people
OB/L02/S 13
5. LOCUS OF CONTROL
Extent to which individuals believe

 they control their own lives
(internals)
 external factors control their
lives(external)
OB/L02/S 14
6. GOAL ORIENTATION
Goal orientation Predisposition to

Learning -develop new skills and mastering
new situations.
Performance -demonstrate and validate
competence by seeking favourable
judgemet from others and avoiding
negative judgements.
OB/L02/S 15
PERSONALITY THEORIES
1. PSYCHO ANALYTICAL
THEORY
Freud-unconscious nature of
personality psycho analytical
concepts:
Id- reservoir of thoughts, biological
pleasures
Ego- conscious in nature
Super ego- higher level of restraining
force
OB/L02/S 16
2. TRAIT THEORIES
Visualises personality as a reflection

of certain traits of the individual
 Many traits are common to most
people
 Some traits are unique to some
people
OB/L02/S 17
3. SELF CONCEPT THEORY
 Personality and behaviour are

largely determined by the
individual himself.
 We act in ways consistent with our
image
OB/L02/S 18
4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
 Personality more a result of social

variables rather than biological
drives.
 Motives can be traced to known and
conscious needs rather than
unconscious desires
 Learning by observation of others
rather than interaction
OB/L02/S 19
OTHER SIGNIFICANT
PERSONALITY CONCEPTS
 Risk taking propensity

 Self monitoring
 Self esteem
OB/L02/S 20
PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS-
PERSONALITY TRAITS
 Personality traits are enduring characteristics
that describe an individual’s behaviour.
 Early research identified- 17,953 traits
 R.B. Cattell reduced it to- 171 traits.
 He further reduced it to-16 primary traits
OB/L02/S 21
Cattell 16 PF
1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing

2. Less intelligent Vs. More intelligent
3. Affected by feeling Vs. Emotionally
stable
4. Submissive Vs. Dominant
5. Serious Va. Happy go lucky
6. Expedient vs. Conscientious
OB/L02/S 22
Cattell 16 PF (Contd.)
7. Timid Vs Venturesome
8. Tough minded Vs. Sensitive
9. Trusting Vs Suspicious
10.Practical Vs Imaginative
11. Forthright Vs Shrewd
OB/L02/S 23
Cattell 16 PF (Contd.)
12. Self assured Vs. Apprehensive

13. Conservative Vs. Experimenting
14. Group dependant Vs. Self sufficient
15. Uncontrolled Vs. Controlled
16. Relaxed Vs. Tense
OB/L02/S 24
MYERS & BRIGS TYPE
INDICATORS(MBIT)
1. E or I- Extroversion or
Introversion
2. S or N- Sensing or Intuitive
3. T or F- Thinking or Feeling
4. J or P- Judging or Perceiving
OB/L02/S 25
 ESTJ- Corporate executives, organizers
 ENTJ- Natural Leaders
 ISFJ- Have high sense of duty
 INTJ- Visionaries
 ENTP-Conceptualisers
OB/L02/S 26
BIG FIVE PERSONALITY
FACTORS- FACTOR 1
HIGH CONSCIENTIOUSNESS LOW
FOCUSSED BALANCED FLEXIBLE
Stable, measures of Impulsive,

Confident, reliability Irresponsible
Careful, Distracted,
Organized, Disorganized,
Dependable Unreliable,
Persistent, Spontaneous,
Cautious, Fun loving,
Stubborn. Experimental.
OB/L02/S 27
FACTOR 2
HIGH EMOTIONAL STABILITY LOW

RESILIENT (ADJUSTMENT) REACTIVE
RESPONSIVE
Relaxed, measures of persons Depressed,

Secure, ability to with Anxious,
Calm, stand stress Indecisive,
Poised, Have mood swings,
Unflappable,
Insecure,
Guilt free, Excitable,
Worrying,
High strung.
OB/L02/S 28
FACTOR 3
HIGH OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE LOW

Explorer MODERATE PRESERVER
Creative, measures anPractical,

Curious, individuals range Conservative,
Artistically of interests Efficient,
sensitive, fascination to Expert,
Broad interests, novelty Conventional,
Impractical. Finds comfort in
familiar.
OB/L02/S 29
FACTOR 4
HIGH AGREEABLENESS LOW

ADAPTER NEGOTIATOR CHALLENGER
Courteous, measures Uncooperative,
Good-natured, individuals Short tempered,
Empathic, propensity to Irritable,
Caring , defer to Cold,
Warm, others Rude.
Tactful,
Considerate.
OB/L02/S 30
FACTOR 5
HIGH SOCIABILITY LOW

EXTROVERT AMBIVERT INTROVERT
Assertive, measures Private,
Sociable, one’s comfort Independent,
Warm, level with Works alone,
Optimistic, relationships Reserved,
Talkative, Timid,
Outgoing. Quiet,
Hard to read.
OB/L02/S 31
HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY OF
PERSONALITY AND CONGRUENT
OCCUPATIONS
TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT
(Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION
1. Realistic: Shy, genuine, stable Mechanic,
Skill, Strength Persistent, confirming farmer, Drill Press
& coordination. practical. operator, assembly
line worker.
2. Investigative: Analytical, original Biologist, Economist,
Thinking, organizing Curious, Mathematician,
& understanding. independent. News Reporter.
3). Social: Sociable, friendly Social worker,
Helping & developing cooperative, Teacher, Counsellor,
Others. Understanding. Clinical psychologist.
OB/L02/S 32
HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY
(Contd.)
TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT
(Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION
4. Conventional: Conforming, efficient, Accountant
rule regulated, Orderly practical, unimaginative, Corporate manager
unambiguous. in flexible. , Bank Teller, File clerk.
5.Enterprising: self confident Lawyer, Real estate

Opportunities to ambitious, energetic agent, Public relations
Influence others & domineering. & specialist,
And attain power small-business manager.
6. Artistic: Imaginative, Partner,

Ambiguous& disorderly, Musician,
Unsystematic that idealistic, Writer,
allow creative emotional, Interior decorator.
expression. Impractical.
OB/L02/S 33
CONCLUSION
 Personality and job, occupation and

organization fit.
 Know your associates personality to
function better.
 Know your personality for self
development.
OB/L02/S 34

Personality

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Personality

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CHAPTER TWO

 A: are all people the same?

 HEREDITY Vs. ENVIRONMENT

 Personality and performance

 Personality and work behaviour

 Blind acceptance of authority

 Respect for authority not totally

Extent to which individuals believe

Goal orientation Predisposition to

Visualises personality as a reflection

 Personality and behaviour are

 Personality more a result of social

 Risk taking propensity

1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing

12. Self assured Vs. Apprehensive

Stable, measures of Impulsive,

HIGH EMOTIONAL STABILITY LOW

Relaxed, measures of persons Depressed,

HIGH OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE LOW

Creative, measures anPractical,

HIGH AGREEABLENESS LOW

HIGH SOCIABILITY LOW

5.Enterprising: self confident Lawyer, Real estate

6. Artistic: Imaginative, Partner,

 Personality and job, occupation and

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