Material / Energy Balances

- A part of plant design is material and

energy balance
- So, we need to review material and
energy balance in this class.
- Review your 200 class notes/textbook
if you need to practice more.
Material balances-review
In Chemical Engineering, a Process is an
operation or series of operations that causes a
physical or chemical change in a substance.
The
streams
entering
are the
input or
feed
streams.
The
streams
leaving
are the
output or
product
streams.
Process
Material balances-review
A Steady State
process operates
with no change in
flows, pressures or
other process
variables with time.
Unsteady State or
Transient process
variables do change
with time.
Systems of Linear
Algebraic Equations
Usually, systems of
Linear Differential
Equations
Material Balances
Material balances-review
Process Types:
Batch All feed goes in at one time.
All product comes out at one time.
Unsteady State/Transient

Continuous Feed and Product Streams flow
continuously.
Steady State OR Transient

Semibatch Everything else.
Unsteady State/Transient
Material balances-review
Example: Combustion
Combustion
O
2
, N
2
CH
4
H
2
O, CO
2
,

N
2
, O
2
, CH
4
4 2 2 2
CH 2O CO 2H O + +
A material balance accounts for the material which
enters, leaves, or accumulates in a system and for
the material which is generated or consumed by
chemical reaction in the system.
Material balances-review
Material Balance Equation:
Accumulation = Input + Generation - Output - Consumption
Input: All flows into the control volume (C.V.)

Generation: Produced by chemical reaction in the C.V.

Output: All flows leaving the C.V.

Consumption: Consumed by chemical reaction in the C.V.

Accumulation: The change of material in the C.V. with time.
Material balances-review
Combustion
O
2
, N
2
CH
4
H
2
O, CO
2
,

N
2
, O
2
, CH
4
4 2 2 2
CH 2O CO 2H O + +
Accumulation = Input + Generation - Output - Consumption
Input:
Generation:
Output:
Consumption:
Accumulation:
Material balances-review
Two types of balances:
Differential balances are based on rates.
(lb
m
/hr, kg/s, kmol/h . . . )
These can lead to algebraic or differential equations.
Integral balances are based on amounts.
(lb
m
, kg, kmol . . . )
These usually lead to algebraic equations, but have
limited application
Accumulation= Input Output + Generation - Consumption
Material balances-review
Accumulation= Input Output + Generation - Consumption
Special Cases of the material balance equation:
1. At Steady State:
Accumulation = 0
Input + Generation = Output + Consumption
2. If there is no chemical reaction:
Generation = 0
Consumption = 0
Accumulation = Input Output
Material balances-review
Special Cases of the material balance equation:
3. If there is no flow across system boundaries:
Input = 0
Output = 0
Accumulation = Generation - Consumption
Rather than memorize the three cases, ALWAYS start
with the general equation:
Acc = Input + Gen Out Cons
Decide which, if any, terms equal zero, and proceed
from there.
Material balances-review
Example 1:
Steady state flash
with no chemical
reaction.
Liquid
Vapor
Liquid
1
2
P
1
P
2
3
Material balances-review
Example 2:
Filling a tank, no
reaction.
100 gal tank
1
S
1
= 1.00 lb
m
/min
Material balances-review
Example 3:
Filling a tank,
with an outlet
stream, no
reaction.
100 gal tank
S
1
= 1.00 lb
m
/min
S
2
= 0.65
lb
m
/min
1
2
Material balances-Methodology
1. Sketch the problem.
2. Label all streams
3. Include a material balance table with specifications.
4. Write the general material balance equation.
5. Decide which terms apply.
6. Write the specific material balance equation.
7. Count possible unknowns, knowns and remaining
unknowns. (Degree of Freedom Analysis)
8. Write independent equations equal in number to the
number of unknowns (if possible).
9. Solve the system of equations.
E
x
p
l
o
r
e

P
l
a
n

D
o

Solve it now!

CH
4
and CO
2
are both fed separately into
a mixing tank, each at a rate of 20
moles/hr. A mixture of air and CO
2
is also
fed to the tank from a separate process.
The amount of air entering the tank is 100
moles/hr. If the product stream has a CO
2

composition of 30 mole%, what is the flow
rate and composition of the inlet and
product streams?

Balance equation
Accumulation = Input + Generation - Output Consumption
This equation can be written for:
Mass (total mass or mass flow rate)
Mole (total mole or molar flow rate)
What if you have volumetric flow rate?
If you are dealing with liquids with constant density,
volumetric flow balance may be written.
Otherwise, convert volumetric flow rate to mass or molar
flow rate and write mole/mass balance.
Never write balance on:
Physical properties (density, viscosity,)
Concentrations (mass or mole)
Mole fractions, mass fractions, and volumetric fractions.



R101
T102
1
2 3
4
5
Component 1 2 3 4 5
A
B
C
Totals
Stream flows (lb-mole/hr)
?
Multiple units
How do we know how many control volumes can we
legitimately draw?
The independent control volumes
is equal to the number of nodes..
A node is a stream split, mix point,
or piece of equipment.
When you have solved the system
of equations, use an overall control
volume as a check.
1 2
3
Split
Mix Point
1
3
2
Material Balances-Methodology
R101
T102
1
2 3
4
5
Component 1 2 3 4 5
A
B
C
Totals
Stream flows (lb-mole/hr)
Multiple units
?
1
4
5
2
3
How do we know which two CVs to use?
CV 1
CV 2
1
4
5
2
3
CV 1
CV 2
Material Balances-Multiple C.V.s
So far, we learned how to write material balances for
systems without reaction.
Now, we want to write material balances on systems with
rxn.

Always start from general equation of material balance!
Accumulation = Input + Generation - Output
Consumption
For S.S. system with no rxn: Input =Output
For S.S. system with rxn: Input =Output+Cons.-Gen.



C.V. with Chemical Reaction
Multiple reactions
Suppose that 1.5 mole of CH
4
, 0.1 mole CO
2
,and
2.0 moles of O
2
are burned. The resultant products
include:
0.60 mole CO
2

0.40 mole CO
How many moles of CH
4

,O
2
and H
2
O are in the
products?
1
2
O H CO O CH
2 2 2 4
2 2 + +
O H CO O CH
2 2 4
2
2
3
+ +
Multiple reactions

1
2 O H CO O CH
2 2 2 4
2 2 + +
O H CO O CH
2 2 4
2
2
3
+ +
Accumulation = Input + Generation - Output
Consumption
0
Stream 1 2
Comp. moles moles
1 CH
4
1.5 n(1,2)
2 O
2
2 n(2,2)
3 CO
2
0.1 0.6
4 CO 0 0.4
5 H
2
O 0 n(5,2)
Totals 3.6 S2
3 unknowns!
Multiple reactions

( )
2 2 2
4
2 4
2
4
CO gen 0.6moles 0.1moles 0.5moles CO gen
CO gen 0.4moles 0moles 0.4moles CO gen
0.5moles CO gen 1 mole CH cons
(1,2) 1.5
moles CO gen
1 mole CH cons 0.4moles CO gen
moles CO gen
2
1. CO MB
2. CO MB
3. CH
4. ,2
MB
= =
= =
=

=
n
n
( )
2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
0.5moles CO gen 2 mole O cons
2.0
moles CO gen
0.4moles CO gen 1.5 mole O cons
moles CO gen
0.5moles CO gen 2 mole H O cons
(5,2) 0
moles CO gen
2 mole H O cons 0.4moles CO gen
moles C
O
O g
M
e
B
5
n
. H O MB
6. ,2

= +
+
=

i
n
S n i Summat ions
Multiple reactions

Stream 1 2 1 2
Comp. moles moles MW mass mass
1 CH
4
1.50 0.60 16.04 24.06 9.62
2 O
2
2.00 0.40 32.00 64.00 12.80
3 CO
2
0.10 0.60 44.01 4.40 26.41
4 CO 0.00 0.40 28.01 0.00 11.20
5 H
2
O 0.00 1.80 18.016 0.00 32.43
Totals 3.60 3.80 92.46 92.46
Stream 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
Comp. moles moles moles C moles C moles H moles H moles O moles O
1 CH
4
1.50 0.60 1.50 0.60 6.00 2.40 0 0
2 O
2
2.00 0.40 0 0 0 0 4 0.8
3 CO
2
0.10 0.60 0.10 0.60 0 0 0.2 1.2
4 CO 0.00 0.40 0.00 0.40 0 0 0.00 0.40
5 H
2
O 0.00 1.80 0 0 0 3.6 0.00 1.80
Totals 3.60 3.80 1.60 1.60 6.00 6.00 4.20 4.20
Energy Balance
The general balance equation:

Acc = In Out + Gen Cons

Can be used for accounting for energy flowing
across control volume boundaries as well as
material flows.

Acc. of Energy = Energy Input Energy Output +
Generation of Energy Consumption of Energy

Energy Balance
Transport in
with Material
Flows
Transport out
with Material
Flows
Heat
in or out
Work
in or out
E = Energy content

m = Mass content
change in material content with time
change in energy content with time
dm
dt
dE
dt
=
=
Different Forms of Energy Balance
If there is no mass flow (closed system):
General form of Energy Balance with no reaction:
. . . .
)

( )

( )]

( [ W Q E E H m E E H m E E U m
dt
d
out p K
out
in p K
in
p K
+ + + + + = + +

constant
0
. .
=
= =
m
m m out in
W Q E E U
P K
= A + A + A
If there is no accumulation in an open system:
0
0 0
. .
=
= =
dt
d
m m
out in
. . . . .
W Q E E H P K = A + A + A
Mechanical Energy Balance
Friction loss
If there is no friction loss and no work:
Bernoulli Equation
Mechanical Energy Balance (for liquids with no
chemical reaction at S.S):
Remember the assumptions: Incompressible
fluids Liquids only, no reaction, S.S.!
0 ) (
2
1 2
2
1
2
2
= +

+
A
Z Z g
V V
P

.
.
1 2

) (
2
2
1
2
2
m
W
F Z Z g
V V
P
= + +

+
A

Solve it now!

Methanol is contained in a large tank
under a pressure of 3.1 bara. When a
valve on the bottom of the tank is opened,
the methanol drains freely through a 1-cm
ID tube whose outlet is 7 m below the
surface of the methanol. The pressure at
the outlet of the discharge pipe is 1 atm.
Estimate the methanol discharge velocity
and flow rate in L/min when the discharge
valve is fully opened using Bernoulli
equation.
Read course notes.
Read Chapter 1 in your textbook.
Work on your project.

Assignment