AP BIOLOGY Chapters 4 & 5

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/740/55147.JPG http://www.yellowtang.org/images/macromolecules1_tb_784.jpg

Identify the following functional groups

carbonyl

carboxyl

sulfhydryl

amino

Hydroxyl (alcohol)

phosphate

Images from: http://trc.ucdavis.edu/biosci10v/bis10v/week2/2webimages/Groups_5.gif http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate

Identify the kind of molecules

aldehyde

ketone

Images from: http://www.chemcases.com/nutra/nutra1b.htm

Identify the asymmetric carbon in the following molecule

B is asymmetric; it has 4 different groups attached

Campbell and Reece 7th edition

Identify the type of geometric isomer as TRANS or CIS

CIS

TRANS

http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

adding a phosphate Cells store energy by ________________ group to ADP

a) Adding a phosphate group to ADP b) Removing a phosphate group from ATP Compounds containing carbon are called ___________ organic

IDENTIFY THE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS IN THIS TRIPEPTIDE

phosphate carbonyl

sulfhydryl

amino carbonyl hydroxyl

carboxyl

? Modified from Cambell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition Chapter 4 Self quiz

Carbon atoms are able to form bonds with 4 different atoms at the same time. ___

The ionized form of an amino group has a ___ charge. positive

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/ionized%20amino%20group.gif

Carbon is tetravalent. What does this mean?

It can form 4 covalent bonds

These are examples of which kind of isomer you learned abouut?

geometric
http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170950206002.png

Molecules that are mirror images of each other that differ in spatial arrangement around an asymmetric carbon are called Enantiomers (stereoisomers) ________________
How are isomers are different from isotopes? ISOMERS are molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures ISOTOPES are atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Hydrocarbons contain many _________ Nonpolar carbon-hydrogen bonds.

polar nonpolar

The ionized form of a carboxyl group has a ___ charge. negative

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20101/bio%20101%20lectures/biochemistry/biochemi.htm

Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis

http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule Condensation reaction (Dehydration synthesis)
Name the four main classes of biological macromolecules Proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

The simplest sugars are called monosaccharides ________________

GLYCOGEN _____________ is the highly branched polysaccharide used by animal cells to store glucose. NONPOLAR molecules Lipids are____________

polar nonpolar

Chemical process that splits molecules by the addition of water. hydrolysis

http://www.usd116.org/apalla/biology/unit3/notes/3notes1.htm

Molecules made of two monosaccharides dissaccharides are called ______________

The subunits joined to make proteins amino acids are _______________ The major polysaccharide component found in plant cell walls is _____________________ cellulose

Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon
6 5

1 3 2

Carbohydrates made from joining many sugar molecules together are called polysaccharides ____________________

Glucose and fructose can be joined to make dehydration synthesis sucrose via a ___________________ reaction.

The two interconvertible forms of glucose differ in the placement of the hydroxyl group attached to the #1 carbon. Label the two forms as (alpha) or (beta)

BETA Hydroxyl is up

ALPHA Hydroxyl is down

http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/543Halphabetaglucose.gif

Amylose and amylopectin are both forms of starch _____________

How are these different?

Amylose is unbranched and joined only by 1,4 linkages Amylopectin is branched with 1,6 linkages at the branch points

How are starch and cellulose different?

Starch is made up of glucose rings in the (alpha) form joined by 1,4 linkages; helical; can be branched; humans can digest this

Cellulose is made up of glucose rings in the (beta) form so every other glucose is upside down the respect to its neighbors; joined with 1,4 linkages; straight-never branched; hydrogen bonds join parallel molecules into microfibrils; humans cant digest this

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by -1, 4-glycosidic linkages.
cellulose

Where is chitin found in nature? Cell walls of fungi; exoskeletons of arthropods

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together?

Hydrogen bonds hold about 80 cellulose molecules together to make a microfibril

Image modified from: Campbell and Reece; AP Biology 7th edition

Image modified from: http://www.yskf.jp/yskf_en/img_03/03_01.gif

This subunit is N-acetylglucosamine _________________ (NAG)

It can be joined together in long chains by chitin 1,4 linkages to make _________

Which kind of fatty acids have kinks in their shape so that they dont pack closely together- saturated or unsaturated? unsaturated
Another name for a triacylglycerol molecule fat

What kind of bond is a disulfide bridge?

ionic covalent hydrogen

covalent

A fatty acid possessing one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon unsaturated tail is called _______________

Which type of bonds hold the parallel cellulose strands together? Hydrogen bonds

A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single saturated bonds is called _______________

The subunit used to make starch, cellulose, glucose and glycogen is __________

The sequence of amino acids in a protein o Primary 1 structure is called the ________

The polysaccharide made up of glucose subunits with a nitrogen containing group attached which is used to build the exoskeletons of arthropods is called _______________ chitin
A fat is made up of one ________ glycerol molecule and three ___________ fatty acid molecules.

Amino acid molecules used by living things are L stereoisomer version. usually the ___ L or D

The covalent bond that joins sugar molecules to make a polysaccharide is called a glycosidic bond. _________

The alpha helix coiling and beta pleated sheet shapes seen in proteins is called o Secondary 2 the _____________ structure.

Which kinds of bond holds these together?

Hydrogen bonds between the C=O of one amino acid and the N-H of another

The addition of smaller similar subuints to build a large repeating molecule is called
polymerization

The subunits are called monomers ___________ and the molecule that is formed is polymer called a ______________

Image by K.Riedell

Sugar molecules used by living things are D stereoisomer version. usually the ___ L or D

The structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls that provides support cellulose is ____________

Chaparonins _____________ are molecules that help proteins fold up into their correct 3D shape by shielding them from the cytoplasmic environment.

Image from: AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th ed.

Sugars with 6 carbons are called hexoses _______________

Sucrose is made by joining which 2 sugars? Glucose + fructose = sucrose

Sugars made from 2 sugar monomers are disaccharides called __________________

Name one of the polysaccharides you learned about. Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

The kind of covalent bond that joins amino acids together is called peptide bond a _________

http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg

Unsaturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. liquid solid liquid

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

The folding of a protein molecule into its 3D shape due to the interactions of R side chains involved hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, an disulfide bridges result in its o ___________ structure. Tertiary 3

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg

Tell the kind of macromolecule you learned about that could be built from these subunits

Fat (triacylglycerol)

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/chemfat.html

This isomer of glucose in which the -OH on C1 hangs down below the plane of the ring is called _____ glucose

Name a polysaccharide that this form of glucose could be used to make Starch (amylose or amylopectin) or glycogen

The association of multiple protein chains o Quaternary 4 together results in its _____________

http://www.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/hemoglobin.jpg

Saturated fats and fatty acids are _________ at room temperature. solid solid liquid

http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/cm1503/lipids.htm

This isomer of glucose in which the -OH on C1 sticks up above the plane of the ring is called _____ glucose

Name a polysaccharide that this form of glucose could be used to make Cellulose or chitin (if nitrogen group added)

Name this type of Lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 rings with various functional groups
steroids

Sugar molecules with 6 carbons are called hexoses ________

Which nitrogen base is not found in RNA? thymine

Name this steroid from which other steroids including human sex hormones are synthesized.

cholesterol

Which part of a phospholipid is polar?

Glycerol-phosphate head

http://z.hubpages.com/u/105829_f520.jpg

A diet high in saturated ____________ fats is one of the factors that can contribute to cardiovascular disease.
saturated unsaturated

CONTRAST: GLYCOGEN and STARCH Differences: Glycogen

Highly branched

Starch
amylose (unbranched) amylopectin (less branched than glycogen) made by plants

Made by animals

1,4 & 1,6

Which part of a phospholipid molecule is non-polar? Fatty acid tails

ENZYMES are proteins that act __________ as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions in living things

How many fatty acid tails are found in a phospholipid? 2

Fatty acid molecules consist of long hydrocarbon chains with which functional group attached at one end? carboxyl

http://www.odec.ca/projects/2004/thog4n0/public_html/fatyacid.jpg

COMPARE GLYCOGEN and STARCH Alike:

Made of glucose subunits 1,4 linkages 1,6 linkages @ branch points Glycosidic bonds Glucose polymers Ways to store glucose Digestible by humans

Which of the four biomolecule groups you learned is hydrophobic?

lipids

Another name for a fat is triacylglycerol ____________________

Which of these structures would NOT be found in a DNA molecule? A (ribose) and D (uracil)

Image from LearningExpress.com

Dehydration synthesis is also called condensation reaction. ____________

Which nitrogen base is not found in DNA? uracil

The addition of a phosphate group to ADP stores ____________ energy.

stores releases

Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry carbon that studies molecules that contain _______

The removal of a phosphate group from releases ATP to form ADP____________ energy.
stores TRUE or FALSE releases

L and D stereoisomers have the same chemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms

TRUE or FALSE L and D stereoisomers have the same chemical properties because they contain the same number and kinds of atoms
FALSE L and D enantiomers can have very different chemical properties. Ex: L-Dopa is a drug used to treat Parkinsons disease, but D-Dopa has no effect on patients. Thalidomide- one enantiomer of used to treat morning sickness; other form caused birth defects

Name the structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plants that provides support cellulose Polymers of amino acids are called polypeptides ______________

Chemical bond in which atoms share 2 pairs of electrons Covalent double bond
List some functions of fat Energy storage Cushions vital organs Insulates body against heat loss (blubber)
(1 g of fat has more than twice as much energy as 1 g of polysaccharide)

List some functions of nucleic acids

Store genetic information Protein synthesis Nucleotide subunits: ATP: store and transport energy
NAD+ NADP+ FAD Coenzyme A

energy/electron carriers

Which form of glucose is used to build cellulose molecules?

-glucose

The kinks in fatty acids are due to cis-double bonds _____________________

Which chemical reaction joins glycerol and fatty acids to make a fat?
Dehydration synthesis or condensation

The place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches is called the Active site _______________

The reactant in an enzyme catalyzed substrate reaction is called a _____________

Name the amino acid that can form disulfide bridges

Cysteine

Which functional group is responsible for the formation of disulfide bridges? -SH sulfhydryl

The unwinding and loss of conformation denaturing in proteins is called _____________

Which is the only amino acid without an asymmetric carbon?

GLYCINE It has an H for its R group

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Glycine2.png

Name an environmental factor that can cause proteins to denature

pH extremes Salt concentration Temperature (heat) TRUE or FALSE Denaturing in proteins is due to the disruption of peptide bonds
False; 1 remains intact but hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulfide bridges in 2 & 3are disrupted

Which amino acid is involved in making disulfide bridges to form the tertiary structure of proteins?

cysteine

-SH (sulfhydryl) group forms disulfide bridges

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png http://www.mun.ca/biology/scarr/Disulfide_bridge.htm

COMPARE and CONTRAST: DNA RNA

Double stranded Contain A, T, C, G No uracil Deoxyribose Store genetic info Single stranded Contain A, U, C, G No thymine Ribose Carry info from DNA to cell Protein synthesis

BOTH:
Nucleic acids, made of nucleotide subunits, are polymers, Information molecules, joined using dehydration synthesis, Contain pentose sugars and nitrogen bases, have phosphate-sugar backbones,

Nitrogenous bases consisting of 2 rings purines are called _______________

The two sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA molecule run in opposite directions, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel ___________________

Nitrogenous bases consisting of 1 ring pyrimidines are called _______________

Name the subunit used to build nucleic acids which consists of a pentose sugar, nitrogen base, and a phosphate group. nucleotide

The nitrogen bases that join by hydrogen bonds to form the stair steps of the DNA ladder always pair up so that a pyrimidine-a purine match up with each _________________ other.
two purines two pyrimidines a pyrimidine-a purine

Give an example of a pyrimidine Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) and Uracil (U)

In a DNA molecule guanine always pairs up cytosine with _____________

Which of these structures would NOT be found in an RNA molecule? C (deoxyribose) and F (thymine)

Image from LearningExpress.com

Carbohydrates that contain 5 carbon trioses atoms are called _____________

Which carbon is important in determining whether a glucose molecule is in the or form?

C1

In a DNA molecule adenine always pairs thymine with _____________

A pentose sugar with only the nitrogen base nucleoside attached is called a _____________

Molecules with both polar and nonpolar parts are called _______________ amphipathic

Molecules containing only hydrogen and hydrocarbons carbon are called ________________

Compare and contrast phospholipids and triglycerides (fat) BOTH Glycerol backbone Multiple phobic fatty acid chains attached By ester linkages PHOSPHOLIPIDS 2 fatty acid chains phosphate group Amphipathic (polar head; nonpolar tails) TRIGLYCERIDES 3 fatty acid chains nonpolar

Which two amino acids contain SULFUR ?

Cysteine

methionine
Look at these structures. Why cant methionine form disulfide bridges?
No SH group; its got a methyl group
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/L-Cysteine.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/L-Methionine.png

Tell the central dogma of molecular biology that describes how information flows in eukaryotic cells
DNA RNA proteins Write the chemical formula for a monosaccharide with 3 carbons C3H6O3

What disaccharide does it make?

maltose Glucose + glucose = ______________ sucrose Glucose + fructose = ____________

lactose Glucose + galactose = ______________

http://altopower.files.wordpress.com/2008/04/sugar.jpg

Table sugar is called sucrose ____________

Which parts of a nucleotide form the backbone of a nucleic acid?

Sugar and phosphate

Put the following in order from least to most branched Glycogen

amylose

amylose

amylopectin

amylopectin glycogen

Saturated ___________ fats are more common in animals than plants.

TRUE or FALSE Amino acids be enantiomers True; the center carbon is attached to 4 different groups; there are D and L forms of all amino acids except glycine

https://sharepoint.cisat.jmu.edu/isat/klevicca/Web/NMR_2002/glycine/Glycine2.gif

Name the only amino acid of the 20 amino acids used to make proteins that doesnt have a stereoisomer (enantiomer) GLYCINE
It does NOT have a chiral carbon; it does not have 4 different groups attached

Amylase is an enzyme that can break glyosidic linkages between -glucose monomers. Which of the following could amylase break down?
cellulose glycogen amylopectin starch chitin

Glycogen, amylopectin, starch

? From AP BIOLOGY by Campbell and Reese 7th edition Chapter 5 self quiz