CE403 Construction Methodology

Excavators Shovels, Draglines, Hoes, and Clamshells

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DL8Oymr5vqE

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Back Hoe Production Estimating

Production, LCY/h = C x S x V x B x E C = Cycles/h (Table 3-3) S = Swing-Depth Factor (Table 3-4) V = Heaped Volume , LCY B = Bucket Fill Factor (Table 3-2) E = Job Efficiency

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Back Hoe Production Estimating

Cycle = Load Bucket + Swing with Load + Dump load + Return Swing Swing-depth factor accounts for angle of swing and depth of cut

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Standard Cycles per Hour for Hydraulic Backhoes

Excavator Machine Size Small Medium Large
< 1.0 YD 1 to 2 YD 2 YD

Type of Material Soft Average Hard

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sand, gravel, loam common earth, soft clay tough clay, rock

Wheel Tractor 170 135 110

250 200 160

200 160 130

150 120 100

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Swing-Depth Factor
Depth of Cut (% of Max) 30 50 70 90

Angle of Swing, deg 45 1.33 1.28 1.16 1.04 60 1.26 1.21 1.10 1.00 75 1.21 1.16 1.05 0.95 90 1.15 1.10 1.00 0.90 120 1.08 1.03 0.94 0.85 180 0.95 0.91 0.83 0.75

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Bucket Fill Factors for Excavators

Material Common Earth, Loam Sand & Gravel Hard Clay Wet Clay Rock, Well-Blasted Rock, Poorly-Blasted Bucket Fill Factor 0.80-1.10 0.90-1.00 0.65-0.95 0.50-0.90 0.70-0.90 0.40-0.70

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Back Hoe Production Estimating

Efficiency Dependent on:

Management Conditions Skill, Training & Motivation of Workers Selection, Operation & Maintenance of Equipment Planning, Job Layout, Supervision & Coordination of Work Job Conditions Topography & Work Dimensions Surface & Weather Conditions Specification Requirements for Work Methods or Work Sequence Required

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Back Hoe Production Estimating

Job-Site Conditions Excellent Good Fair Poor Management Conditions
Excellent Good Fair

0.84 0.78 0.72 0.63

0.81 0.75 0.69 0.61

0.76 0.71 0.65 0.57

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Back Hoe Production Estimating

Can also estimate efficiency through number of effective working minutes per hour. Eg., 50-min/h actual work is done 50 minutes per hourthe other ten minutes spent on breaks, smoke break, bath room, thinking

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Hoe Production Example

Problem Find the expected production in loose cubic yards per hour of a small hydraulic excavator. Heaped bucket capacity is 3/4 CY. The material is sand and gravel with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Job efficiency is 50 min/h. Average depth of cut is 14 ft. Maximum depth of cut is 20 ft. Average swing is 90.

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Standard Cycles per Hour for Hydraulic Backhoes (Tab 3-3)

Excavator Machine Size Small Medium Large
< 1.0 YD 1 to 2 YD 2 YD

Type of Material Soft Average Hard

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sand, gravel, loam common earth, soft clay tough clay, rock

Wheel Tractor 170 135 110

250 200 160

200 160 130

150 120 100

Example 3-4
Solution
Cyclic Output = 250 cycles/60min (Table 3-3) Swing-Depth Factor = 1.00 (Table 3-4) Bucket Fill Factor = 0.95 Job Efficiency = 50 /60 = 0.833 Production = 250 cycles x 1.00 (swing-depth) x 0.75 CY x 0.95 (bucket fill factor) x 0.833 (job eff.)= 148 LCY/h
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Swing-Depth Factor (Tab 3-4)

Depth of Cut (% of Max) 30 50 70 90

Angle of Swing, deg 45 1.33 1.28 1.16 1.04 60 1.26 1.21 1.10 1.00 75 1.21 1.16 1.05 0.95 90 1.15 1.10 1.00 0.90 120 1.08 1.03 0.94 0.85 180 0.95 0.91 0.83 0.75

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Example 3-4
Solution
Cyclic Output = 250 cycles/60min (Table 3-3) Swing-Depth Factor = 1.00 (Table 3-4) Bucket Fill Factor = 0.95 Job Efficiency = 50 /60 = 0.833 Production = 250 cycles x 1.00 (swing-depth) x 0.75 CY x 0.95 (bucket fill factor) x 0.833 (job eff.)= 148 LCY/h
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Job Management

Major Factor Controlling Hydraulic Excavator Maximum depth Working radius Dumping Height Density of Material

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Shovels

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Crowding & Breakout Forces

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Shovel ~ Production Estimating

Production, LCY/h = C x S x V x B x E C = Cycles/hour (Table 3-6) S = Swing Factor (Table 3-6) V = Heaped Bucket Volume, LCY B = Bucket Fill Factor (Table 3-2) E = Job Efficiency

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Standard Cycles per Hour for Hydraulic Shovels

Machine Size
Small Material Soft Average Hard Bottom Dump 190 170 150 Front Dump 170 150 135 Medium Bottom Front Dump Dump 180 160 160 145 140 130 Large Bottom Dump 150 145 135 Front Dump 135 130 125

Adjustment for Swing Angle

Swing Factor 45 1.16 60 1.10 Angle of Swing, degrees 75 90 1.05 1.00 120 0.94 180 0.83

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Shovel Production Example

Problem
Find the expected production in LCY per hour of 3 CY hydraulic shovel equipped with a front-dump bucket. The material is common earth with a bucket fill factor of 1.0. The average angle of swing is 75 degrees. The job efficiency is 0.80.

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Standard Cycles per Hour for Hydraulic Shovels

Machine Size
Material Soft Average Hard Small < 5 yd) Bottom Front Dump Dump 190 170 170 150 150 135 Medium Bottom Front Dump Dump 180 160 160 145 140 130 Large Bottom Dump 150 145 135 Front Dump 135 130 125

Adjustment for Swing Angle

Swing Factor 45 1.16 60 1.10 Angle of Swing, degrees 75 90 1.05 1.00 120 0.94 180 0.83

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Shovel Production Example

Solution
Standard Cycles = 150/60 min (Table 3-6) Swing factor = 1.05 (Table 3-6) Bucket Volume = 3.0 LCY Bucket Fill Factor = 1.0 Job Efficiency = 0.80 QProduction = 150 cycles x 1.05 (swing factor) x 3.0 cy x 1.0 (bucket fill factor) x 0.80 (eff) = 378 LCY/h

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Draglines
Longest reach for digging and dumping of any member of the crane-shovel family.

Dragline

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Optimal Digging Area

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Dragline Production

Expected Production = Ideal Output x Swing-Depth Factor x Efficiency

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Ideal Dragline Output, in BCY/hr (Tab 3-7)

Bucket Size, CY 1 1 2 2 3 220 245 265 305 350 20 235 255 295 340 190 210 230 265 305 160 180 195 230 270 110 130 145 175 210

Type of Material Light moist clay or loam Sand and gravel Common earth Tough clay Wet, sticky clay

130 125 105 90 55

1 160 155 135 110 75

1 195 185 165 135 95

3 390 380 340 305 240

4 465 455 375 340 270

5 540 530 445 410 330

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Swing-Depth Factor (Tab 3-9)

Depth of Cut % of Optimum 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 180 200 Angle of Swing, deg 30 1.06 1.17 1.25 1.29 1.32 1.29 1.25 1.15 1.10 45 0.99 1.08 1.13 1.17 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.05 1.09 60 0.94 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.06 0.98 0.94 75 0.90 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.94 0.90 90 0.87 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.90 0.87 120 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.82 0.79 150 0.75 0.78 0.78 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.76 0.73 180 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.71 0.69

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Dragline Example

Determine the expected dragline production in LCY per hour based on the following information:

Dragline Size: 2 cyd Swing Angle: 120 degrees Average Depth of Cut: 7.9 ft Material: Common Earth Job Efficiency: 50min/h Soil Swell = 25%

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Ideal Dragline Output, in BCY/hr

Bucket Size, CY 1 1 2 2 3 220 245 265 305 350 20 235 255 295 340 190 210 230 265 305 160 180 195 230 270 110 130 145 175 210

Type of Material Light moist clay or loam Sand and gravel Common earth Tough clay Wet, sticky clay

130 125 105 90 55

1 160 155 135 110 75

1 195 185 165 135 95

3 390 380 340 305 240

4 465 455 375 340 270

5 540 530 445 410 330

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Dragline Example

Solution:

Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 = 216 LCY/h

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Dragline Example

Solution:

Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft (Tab 3-8) Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 = 216 LCY/h

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Swing-Depth Factor
Depth of Cut % of Optimum 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 180 200 Angle of Swing, deg 30 1.06 1.17 1.25 1.29 1.32 1.29 1.25 1.15 1.10 45 0.99 1.08 1.13 1.17 1.19 1.17 1.14 1.05 1.09 60 0.94 1.02 1.06 1.09 1.11 1.09 1.06 0.98 0.94 75 0.90 0.97 1.01 1.04 1.05 1.03 1.00 0.94 0.90 90 0.87 0.93 0.97 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.96 0.90 0.87 120 0.81 0.85 0.88 0.90 0.91 0.90 0.88 0.82 0.79 150 0.75 0.78 0.78 0.82 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.76 0.73 180 0.70 0.72 0.72 0.76 0.77 0.77 0.75 0.71 0.69

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Dragline Example

Solution:

Ideal Output: 230 BCY/h Optimum Depth of Cut: 9.9 ft Actual Depth/Optimum Depth: 7.9/9.9 x 100 = 80% Swing Depth Factor: 0.90 Efficiency factor: 50/60 = 0.833 Volume Change Factor = 1+0.25 = 1.25 Estimated Production = 230 x 0.90 x 0.833 x 1.25 = 216 LCY/h

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CLAMSHELL

CLAMSHELL

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Clamshell Bucket

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Clamshell Production
Production = C x V x B x E C Cycles per hour V Bucket Capacity B Bucket Fill Factor E Job Efficiency Factor

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Clamshell Production Example

Problem Estimate production in LCY per hour for a mediumweight clamshell excavating loose earth. Heaped bucket capacity is 1.0 CY. The soil is common earth with a bucket fill factor of 0.95. Estimated cycle time is 40s. Job efficiency is estimated at 50 min/h.

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Clamshell Production Example

Solution Production = C x V x B x E Production = (3,600(sec/h)/40 sec) x 1.0 CY x 0.95 (bucket fill factor) x 50/60 (job eff.) = 71 LCY/h

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Trenching Machines

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Trenchless Technologies

Deterioration of:

Water Lines Sewer Lines Gas Lines

Urban Areas Inaccessible Areas:

Beneath Buildings Under Roadways

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Trenchless Technology: Cast In Place Pipe

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Trenchless Technology - Cast In Place Pipe

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Trenchless Technology - Cast In Place Pipe

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Pipe Bursting
A process that

Breaks an Existing Pipe Expands Broken Shards into Surrounding Soil Pulls in the New Carrier Line Simultaneously

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Pneumatic Pipe Bursting

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Pneumatic Components

Bursting Tool

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Upsizing Considerations

0-25%

25-50%

50-125%

Class A
Routine and generally considered favorable
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Class B
Challenging to moderately difficult

Class C
Very challenging to extremely difficult

Trenchless Technology:Pipe Bursting

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CE403 Construction Methodology

End of Lecture

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