By

Under the guidance of

Mr. S.Radhakrishana Reddy M.tech,Miste
Associate Professor

Y.Uday kiran
10C91D0718 M.Tech..EEE

CONTENTS

Objective Introduction Power quality FACTS Pulse width modulation (PWM) Modeling of case study Mat lab design Simulation studies Conclusion Future scope Reference

OBJECTIVE

This project presents a modified instantaneous power control scheme of D-STATCOM for power factor and harmonic compensation.

Power factor and harmonic current of a controlled feeder section

are two vital roles in steady-state power distribution system

operation.

In order to correct the power factor, a power factor control loop is

required and therefore included in the control block.

INTRODUCTION

Electric power quality have become more increasingly important and plays an essential role in power system planning. Electric energy transfer must not be interrupted and at the same time there must provide reliable, stable and high quality of electric power.

The DSTATCOM is a voltage source converter (VSC) based custom power technology which can perform as a reactive power source in power systems.

The D-STATCOM can regulate magnitude of voltage at a particular

AC bus, at the point where it is connected, via generating or absorbing reactive power from the system.

POWER QUALITY

Power quality is defined as: Any power problem that results in failure or mis-operation of customer equipment, manifests itself as an economic burden to the user, or produces negative impacts on the environment.

Main Power quality problems:

Power Factor Harmonic Distortion

Voltage Sags or Dips

Voltage Swells

Voltage Sag
Voltage sag is defined as a sudden reduction of supply voltage down 90% to 10% of nominal, followed by a recovery after a short period of time which can cause damage and loss of production especially in industrial sector. Voltage Swell Voltage swell, , is defined as a sudden increasing of supply voltage up 110% to 180% in rms voltage at the network fundamental frequency with duration from 10 ms to 1 minute Caused by system faults, load switching and capacitor switching. Voltage Interruption A voltage interruption is the complete loss of electric voltage. Interruptions can be short duration (lasting less than 2 minutes) or long duration. A disconnection of electricity causes an interruptionusually by the opening of a circuit breaker, fuse, power system faults, equipment failures, and control malfunctions.

Voltage Flicker

A very rapid change in supply voltage is called voltage flicker. This is caused by rapid variations in current magnitude of loads such as arc furnaces in which a large inrush current flows when the arc strikes first causing a dip in the bus voltage. These variations are usually caused by rapid changes in load connected to the system. Flicker problems can be corrected with the installation of filters, static VAR systems, or distribution static compensators The maximum tolerable variation in supply frequency is often limited within + or 0.5 Hz from the nominal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.

Example voltage waveforms showing flicker created by an arc furnace

Power System Harmonics

Harmonic: Harmonics are components that make up a waveform where each component has frequency that is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency Harmonic is applied to waveform components that have frequencies other than fundamental frequency. Power system harmonics: currents or voltages with frequencies that are integer multiples (h=0,1,2,N) of the fundamental power frequency
1st harmonic: 60Hz 2nd harmonic: 120Hz 3rd harmonic: 180Hz

How are Harmonics Produced

Power system harmonics: presenting deviations from a perfect sinusoidalwaveform (voltage or current waveform).
The distortion comes from a Nonlinearity .

Impact on Customer Side

Computers and communication equipment are susceptible to power system disturbances which can lead to loss of data and erratic operation. Automated manufacturing processes such as paper-making machinery, chip-making assembly lines, etc. can shutdown in case of even short voltage sags. Induction and synchronous motors can have excessive losses and heating. Equipment and process control malfunction translates to dollars of expense for replacement parts and for down time, impacting adversely on profitability and product quality.

Impact on Utility Side

Failure of power-factor correction capacitors due to resonance conditions. Increased losses in cables, transformers and conductors, especially neutral wires. Errors in energy meters, which are calibrated to operate under sinusoidal conditions. Incorrect operation of protective relays, particularly in solid-state and microprocessor-controlled systems. Unhappy customers as well as malfunction and failure of system components and control systems, impacting adversely on profitability.

FACTS

The basic applications of facts-devices are:

power flow control
increase of transmission capability voltage control reactive power compensation stability improvement

power quality improvement

Mitigation Techniques to Improve Power quality

Distribution Static Compensator (DSTATCOM )

.The STATCOM, when used in low-voltage distribution

systems is normally identified as Distribution STATCOM (D-STATCOM).

It consists of a two level VSC, a dc energy storage

device; a coupling transformer connected in shunt with the ac system, and associated control circuits.

The static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a power electronic

based synchronous voltage generator that generates a three-phase voltage from a DC capacitor.

The active power flow is controlled by the angle between the ac system
and VSC voltages and the reactive power flow is controlled by the difference between the magnitudes of these voltages .

MODELLING OF CASE STUDY

D-STATCOM

A D-STATCOM is a shunt device that regulates the system voltage

by absorbing or generating reactive power at a point of coupling connection.

It is a solid state DC/AC power switching converter that consists

mainly of a three-phase PWM voltage source converter (VSC) bridge having six IGBTs with associated anti-parallel diodes.

It is connected to the distribution network via the impedance of the

coupling transformer. A DC-link capacitor provides constant DC link voltage.

D-STATCOM

Fig. Simplified power system equipped with a D-STATCOM

Features of vsc
Each of the two VSCs is realized by three H-bridge inverters. In this structure, each switch represents a power semiconductor device and an anti-parallel diode . All the inverters are supplied from a common single dc capacitor and each inverter has a transformer connected at its output.

OPERATION : The Inverter is supplied by a dc source with a voltage of Vdc .

Schematic structure of a VSC

The switches of each leg have complementary values,

e.g. when S1 is ON,S4 is OFF and vice versa. when S1 &S2 ON ,S3 & S4 OFF when S3 & S4 ON, S1 &S2 OFF

PULSE WIDTH MODULATION

The generation of PWM pulse requires reference sine wave and

triangular wave.

The reference sine wave is compared with a triangular wave. The rectangular wave is the result of this comparison.

This pulse is used to switch ON or OFF the power switches.

The width of the pulse or duty cycle can be varied by varying the frequency of the reference wave.

PWM inverters make it possible to control both the frequency and magnitude of the voltage and current.

Fig. PWM Pulse Generation Circuit

Fig. PWM Triggered Pulse Pattern for Power Devices

INSTANTANEOUS POWER THEORY

As the name implied, the instantaneous power theory is based on a definition of instantaneous real and reactive powers in time domain.

To illustrate the theory, let consider a set of instantaneous three

phase quantity, for example Va, Vb and Vc.

It starts with transforming a set of three-phase variables in the abc into 0 coordinates.

This transformation is so-called as the Clark transformation.

MATLAB MODEL

Fig. SIMULINK model of proposed system

PARAMETERS OF THE TEST SYSTEM

SYSTEM PARAMETERS Supply voltage VALUES 22kv,50HZ

RL balanced load
Nonlinear load

R=50ohms,L=100mH
3-Phase full wave rectifier drawing a dc current of 50A

DC capacitor for D-STATCOM Interface inductor Reference Dc link voltage

300micro farads L=2mH,R=0.1Ohms Vdc ref=9.5KV

SIMULATION RESULTS
CASE - 1

Fig. Response during t = 0 0.2 s for case 1

Fig. Response during t = 0.2 0.5 s for case 1

Fig. Response during t 0.5 s for case 1

Fig. Response during t = 0 0.2 s for case 2

Fig. Response during t = 0.2 0.5 s for case 2

Fig. Response during t 0.5 s for case 2

COMPARISION OF BOTH CASES

CASE: 1

CASE: 2

Fig. Comparison of instantaneous real power regulation

CASE: 1

CASE: 2

Fig. Comparison of instantaneous reactive power regulation

CASE: 2

Fig. Comparison of DC link voltage regulation

 POWER

FACTOR @ CASE -1

 POWER

FACTOR @ CASE -2

CONCLUSION

This paper presents a modified control scheme to compensate a

distribution feeder loading with non-linear loads.

The compensation consists of three main objectives that are

i) regulation of real powers delivering to loads

Ii) regulation of DC link voltage to ensure PWM converter operation

iii) correction of power factor.

From the results we can concluded that the proposed method is very

effective for instantaneous power control and improves the power

factor.

REFERENCES

[1] H. Akagi, I Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning, New Jersey, USA. Wiley, 2007. [2] J. A. Momoh, Electric Power Distribution, Automation, Protection and Control, New York, USA: CRC Press, 2008. [3] N. G. Hingorani and L. GyuGyi, Understanding FACTS Concept and Technology of Flexible AC ransmission System, New York, USA.:IEEE Press, 2000. [4] N. G. Hingorani, Introducing custom power, IEEE Spectrum, June 1995, pp. 41 48. [5] A. Ghosh and G. Ledwich, Power quality enhancement using custom power devices,Massachusetts, USA.: Kluwer Academic Publishers,2002.

THANK YOU