INDIAN BANKING SYSTEM AND BASIC BANKING CONCEPTS

EVOLUTION OF BANKING STRUCTURE IN INDIA At the time of Independence - banking structure dominated by domestic scheduled commercial banks. Non-scheduled banks, constituted a small share First task before RBI after independence develop sound structure on contemporary lines Safety nets to depositors from RBI Need for separate banking structure Commercial banks not tuned to needs and requirements of SME and marginal farmers, co-operatives lacked resources. Need of combining local feel and familiarity of rural problems characteristic of co-operatives and professionalism and large resource base of 2 commercial banks.

INDIA BANKING SYSTEM STRUCTURE SCHEDULED BANKS

SCH. COMMERCIAL BANKS
PUBLIC SEC BANKS PVT. SECTOR BANKS NATIONALIZED BANKS

SCH. COOP. BANKS

SCH. URBAN COOP BANK RURAL REGIONAL BANKS

SCH. URBAN COOP BANK FOREIGN BANKS

SBI & ITS OLD PVT. NEW PVT. ASSOCIATES BANKS BANKS
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 Established - April 1, 1935 Ownership- originally privately, Nationalized 1949 Central Office Governor sits and policies are formulated initially established in Calcutta; permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937 Preamble "... to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of 4 the country to its advantage

RESERVE BANK OF INDIA ACT 1934

MAIN FUNCTIONS
Regulator and supervisor of financial system Monetary Authority Banker to the Government Monopoly of Note Issue (other than Rupee One notes and coins and subsidiary coins) Manager of Foreign Exchange Developmental role Related Functions
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FINANCIAL SUPERVISION
Performed by RBI under guidance of Board for Financial Supervision (BFS) Constituted in November 1994; Committee of the Central Board of Directors Objective consolidated supervision of financial sector - commercial banks, FIs, and NBFCs Constitution Chairman - Governor Vice-Chairman - Dy Governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision Co-opted Directors from Central Board - 4 Term 2 years and is. Ex-officio members - Dy Governors
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Financial Supervision- BFS (Contd.)

Audit Sub-Committee Dy Governor is Chairman and 2 Directors as members upgrading quality of statutory audit and internal audit functions in Banks and FIs Functions bank inspections; off-site surveillance, strengthening of role of statutory auditors ; strengthening of internal defences of supervised institutions; legal issues in bank frauds; divergence in assessments of NPA and supervisory rating model 7

RBI CHANGING SCENARIO

REAL TIME GROSS SETTLEMENT (RTGS) SYSTEM - IN compliance with Basle Core Principles for Systemically Important Payment Systems of BIS

INdianFInancialNETwork INFINET a `one-of-akind initiative for sharing IT expensive resources

`ANYWHERE BANKING THROUGH CBS, ANYTIME BANKING -National Financial Switch for interconnecting ATMs IMPROVING CG- set up through fit and proper criteria

INTEGRATED RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

NATIONAL ELECTRONIC FUNDS TRANSFER (NEFT) SYSTEM and NATIONAL ELECTRONIC CLEARING 8 SERVICE (NECS).

BANKING SECTOR REFORMS

Several committees constituted to resolve problems of Commercial Banking in India, two most important area) Narasimham Committee I (1991)- aimed at bringing operational flexibility and functional autonomy so as to enhance efficiency, productivity and profitability b) Narasimham Committee II (1998)bringing structural changes so as to strengthen banking system to make it more stable
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MAJOR RECOMMENDATIONS
NARISHIMAM COMMITTEE REPORT I Four-tier hierarchy for banking structure - three to

four large banks with SBI at top

Parity in treatment of Private sector banks with Public sector banks Follow BIS/Basel norms Lifting of ban - setting new banks in Private sector

Liberal Governmental policies for expansion of

foreign bank branches and rationalization of foreign operations of Indian banks
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Major Recommendations (Contd.)

Progressively bring down - Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) and Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR)

Tighten prudential norms for the commercial banks

Deregulate interest rates Redefine priority sector - to comprise SME and marginal farmers, and EWS Increase competition in lending between DFIs and

banks
Disinvest in PS banks Each public sector bank - set up at least one RBS and treated at par with RRBs
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Major Recommendations (Contd.) Narasimham Committee Report II Merger of strong PS banks and closure of

some weaker banks

Amicable golden handshake scheme for surplus banking sector staff Setting up ARC to tackle NPAs in banks Enhancement of capital adequacy norms

Healthy competition between PS banks

and private sector banks essential.
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MEASURES UNDERTAKEN
Competition Enhancing Measures Operational autonomy and reduction of public ownership in PS Banks Transparent entry norms Banks allowed to diversify product portfolio and business activities Roadmap for foreign banks for M &A of private sector banks and NBFCs Instructions and guidelines on ownership and governance in private sector banks
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Measures enhancing role of market forces Disbanding administered interest rates and enhanced transparency and disclosure norms Facilitation of improved payments and settlement mechanism Dematerialization and securitization of assets developed Prudential measures Introduction of international best practices norms on Capital to Risk Asset Ratio (CRAR), Accounting Strengthening Risk management mechanisms Higher graded provisioning for NPAs 14 Implementation of Basel II

Institutional and legal measures

Setting up of DRT, ARC, Lok-Adalat, CCIL and CIBIL Enactment of Securitization and Reconstruction of Financial Assets and Enforcement of Securities Interest Act 2002,

Supervisory measures
Establishment of Board of Financial Supervision as apex supervisory authority Strengthening CG, Audit, enhance due diligence, fit and proper test for directors. Strengthening of

Technology related measures

Introduction of Negotiated Dealing System (NDS) for screen based trading in Govt. securities and Real Time Gross Settlement System (RTGS) 15

 PLR or prime lending rate - rate of interest at which banks lend to their credit-worthy or favoured customers.

BANKING CONCEPTS

It is treated as a benchmark rate for most retail and term loans.

influenced by RBIs policy rates the repo rate and cash reserve ratio Deposit Rates - Interest rate paid on deposit accounts by commercial banks and other FIs Bank rate - rate of interest which RBI charges on loans and advances that it extends to commercial banks and other financial intermediaries. Changes in the bank rate are often used by RBI to control money 16 supply

 Repo Rate - rate at which banks borrow from RBI. A reduction in repo rate will help banks to get money at a cheaper rate. Reverse Repo rate - rate at which RBI borrows money from banks. An increase in Reverse repo rate can cause banks to transfer more funds to RBI due to this attractive interest rates. It can cause the money to be drawn out of the banking system. Due to this fine tuning of RBI using its tools of CRR, Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo rate our banks adjust their lending or investment rates for common man. Difference between Bank Rate and Repo Rate While repo rate - applicable to short-term loans and used for controlling amount of money in market, bank rate - a long-term measure and governed by 17 long-term monetary policies

 OBJECTIVE 1) To restrict expansion of bank credit. 2) To augment investment of the banks in Government securities. 3) To ensure solvency of banks. Commonly used to contain inflation and fuel
growth, by increasing or decreasing it respectively

STATUTORY LIQUIDITY RATIO (SLR)

a) b) c)

MAINTAINED IN THE FORM OF : Cash Gold marked to market Unencumbered approved securities or Gilts valued at a price as specified by RBI CURRENT SLR 24% SLR RATE = Total Demand/Time Liabilities 18 x 100%

OBJECTIVE

CASH RESERVE RATIO (CRR)

Banks required to hold a certain proportion of their deposits in the form of cash, deposited with RBI/currency chests, considered as equivalent to holding cash with themselves This minimum ratio (that is the part of the total deposits to be held as cash) is stipulated by PURPOSE Higher the ratio (i.e. CRR), lower is amount that banks will be able to use for lending and investment. EXISTING CRR 19 nd 5% (w.e.f. 2 Jan 2009)

RBI - CRR or Cash Reserve Ratio Also known as - Cash Asset Ratio or Liquidity Ratio