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THE RESPIRATORY STRUCTURES & BREATHING MECHANISMS IN HUMANS & ANIMALS
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
State the respiratory structures in humans & some animals; Make an inference on the various adaptations of the respiratory structures; Describe the characteristics of respiratory surfaces in humans & other organisms; Describe the breathing mechanisms in humans & other organisms. Compare & contrast the human respiratory system with that of other organisms.
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BREATHING - Involvement of inhalation of O2 & exhalation of CO2 Each organisms have their special structure with the adaptation for gaseous exchange:Large surface area to volume ratio increase the rate of exchange Very thin walls one cell thick A rich supply of blood covered with blood capillaries A moist surface easier for the gases to diffuse

PROTOZOA

Unicellular organisms

Have a large surface area to volume ratio, the external area is fully permeable to the gases No need specific respiratory sturucture Gases diffuse in & out of the organisms over the whole cell membrane. Depends on the concentration of respiratory gases in & out of the cell

Amoeba & Paramecium

FISH

A bony fish has four pairs of gills, support by a bony arch

The gills consist of two rows of gill filament numerous gill lamela Each gill lamela is folded into gill plate, have thin walls & well supplied with blood capillaries to increase the surface area of the gills Characteristics :

bony/gill arches to support the filaments Filaments numerous (increase the surface area for gaseous exchange) Thin membrane (to ease the gases absorption) Many blood capillaries (efficients transportation) 5

Breathing Mechanism of Fish

Open its mouth lower the floor of the mouth- volume of the mouth is increased the pressure inside the mouth falls below that of the external pressure- water with high conc. of O2 enter-operculum close. Floor of the mouth is raise up - Gaseous exchange occurs as water flows past the gills the pressure in the mouth is increased. water then passes out though the operculum operculum then opens
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BREATHING MECHANISM

INSECTS

The body is protected by the exoskeleton, which is impervious to the gases.

Air reaches the body cells via an elaborated system of branching tubes called tracheae (singular : trachea)
Air enters the tracheae through a series of openings along the sides of the body spiracles Reinforced with the chitin, the trachea are subdivided in numerous tiny tracheoles (singular : tracheole) thin, permeable walls & intimate contact with the body cells Tracheal system provides a large surface area for gaseous exchange O2 dissolves in the fluid found in the tracheoles & passes directly to the body cells through diffusion 9

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BREATHING MECHANISM OF INSECTS

The rhythmic expansion & contraction of the abdominal wall help to drive the air in & out of the body

Contraction flattens the body, decreases the volume of the trachea, force the air out Abdomen expands, air is drawn into the trachea through the spiracles

Each spiracle is controlled by a system of valves operated by tiny muscles

The level of CO2 in the body determines the size of the spiracles aperture Some insect (such as grasshopper) have air sacs connected to the trachea that can pump the air throughout the tracheal 11 system

AMPHIBIANS

Respire through 4 different organs the gills, lungs, skin & mucous lining of the mouth have moist surfaces & have a good supplies of the blood capillaries The tadpoles breathe through the skin & gills. The adult frog lungs, skin & mucous lining of the mouth many blood capillaries Many folds inside the lung sacs increase the respiratory surface In water, O2 enters through its skin 12

AMPHIBIAN

Inspiration nostrils open, the mouth closes, the glottis closses & the floor of the mouth cavity is lowered Air pressure inside the mouth reduced. Air is drawn through the nostrils into the mouth cavity The noistrils close & the floor of the mouth cavity is raised to force the air through the glottis into the lungs. The lungs expand & gaseous exchange takes place. Expiration nostrils open, the muscles of the body wall contract to force the air from the lungs to the mouth cavity & nostrils 13

HUMANS

Consist of a series of tube-like structures connecting a pair of lungs

Nasal passage, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi (singular : bronchus), bronchioles & alveoli (singular : alveolus) Lungs large sac-like organs, made up of mainly the bronchioles, alveoli & a network of blood capillaries
Left lung 2 lobes, right lungs 3 lobes A double membrane called the pleura surrounds each lungs. Outer pleural membrane attached to the chest wall, inner pleural membrane attached to the lungs. Each lungs is packed with 1.5 2.5 million of alveoli.
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Adaptation of the alveoli for gaseous exchange :

A large surface area Very thin walls A moist surface A rich supply of blood

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BREATHING MECHANISM OF HUMANS

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped sheet of muscles that separates the thorax from the abdomen
2 sets of intercostal muscles are located between the ribs external & internal intercostal muscles

INSPIRATION/INHALATION The external intercostal contract while the internal relax. the ribs & sternum move upwards & outwards

The diaphragm muscles contract & flatterns The movement of the ribs & the diaphragm increase the volume of the thoracic cavity Increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity until it is less than the atmospheric pressure air drawn into the lungs
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BREATHING MECHANISM OF HUMANS

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EXPIRATION/EXHALATION

The internal intercostal muscles contract while the external relax ribs & sternum move downwards & inwards back to its resting position

The diaphragm muscles relax & arches upwards.

The movement of the rib cage & the diaphragm decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity increases the pressure inside until it is greater than the atmospheric pressure. Air is forced out of the lungs.
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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM WITH THAT OF ORGANISM RESPIRATORY CHARACTERISTICS OF BREATHING MECHANISM OTHER ORGANISMS STRUCTURE ADAPTATION
Protozoa None
Large

size PM is thin & moist, >rate of diffusion

Numerous

TSA minute

None

Fish

Gills

lamella - > the TSA for diffusion. Gill filament thin, moist membranes with a network of blood capillaries.

Action of the floor of the mouth & the operculum

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ORGANISM

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTATION
Many

BREATHING MECHANISM

Insects

Tracheal system

fine branches of tracheoles to increase the TSA A layer of moisture on the walls of the tracheoles.
Thin

Amphibia ns

Skin, mouth, lungs

& moist respiratory surfaces

Network

of blood capillaries in the skin.

Action of abnominal muscles (rhythmic movement) Action of muscles in the mouth cavity.

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ORGANISM

RESPIRATORY STRUCTURE

CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTATION
Numerous

BREATHING MECHANISM

Human

Lungs

alveoli Thin & moist alveoli epithelium Network of blood capillaries at the alveoli of lungs

Action of intercostal muscles & diaphragm muscles

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TAMAT
Semoga segala ilmu yg dikongsi memberi manfaat & penuh barakah
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