Solar 3

Overview of High Temperature Solar Power Production
Renewable Energy Resources
Solar Energy
Technology Overview
High temperature can be achieved by concentrating solar radiation using various mirror configurations. High temperature heat can be used in the following applications;

Electric power generation. Hydrogen production
Solar Energy
Electric Power Generation
Using concentrating systems solar power plants produce electric power by converting the sun's energy into high-temperature heat.
The heat is then channeled through a conventional generator.

The plants consist of two parts: That collects solar energy and converts it to heat, and That converts heat energy to electricity.
1. 2.
Solar Energy
Electric Power Generation
Concentrating solar power systems can be sized from (10 kilowatts up to hundreds of megawatts).
Some systems use thermal storage during cloudy periods or at night.

Others can be combined with natural gas and the resulting hybrid power plants provide high-value, dispatchable power. Concentrating solar power plants generate their peak output during sunny periods when peak electricity demand occurs as air conditioning loads are at their peak. Solar Energy
Technology Overview
These attributes, along with world record solar-toelectric conversion efficiencies, make concentrating solar power an attractive renewable energy option in the sunbelt regions worldwide. There are three kinds of concentrating solar power systems. This classification according to the way how they collect solar energy. Trough systems, Dish/engine systems, and Power tower systems.
Solar Energy
Trough systems
In such systems the sun's energy is concentrated by parabolic curved, trough-shaped reflectors onto a receiver pipe running along the inside of the curved surface. This energy heats oil flowing through the pipe, and the heat energy is then used to generate electricity in a conventional steam generator. A collector field comprises many troughs in parallel rows aligned on a north-south axis.
Solar Energy
Trough systems
This configuration enables the single-axis troughs to track the sun from east to west during the day to ensure that the sun is continuously focused on the receiver pipes. Trough designs can incorporate thermal storage setting aside the heat transfer fluid in its hot phase allowing for electricity generation several hours into the evening. Currently, all parabolic trough plants are "hybrids," meaning they use fossil fuel to supplement the solar output during periods of low solar radiation. Solar Energy
Trough systems
Parabolic concentrators have been successfully operating commercially since 1984, including the largest solar power plant of any kind, followings are key countries having Solar Energy Generating Systems.
1st Germany 2nd Japan 3rd US 4th Spain
3.8 GW 1.9 GW 814 MW 632 MW

Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Systems
A dish/engine system uses a mirrored dish (similar to a very large satellite dish). The dish-shaped surface collects and concentrates the sun's heat onto a receiver, which absorbs the heat and transfers it to fluid within the engine.
The heat causes the fluid to expand against a piston or turbine to produce mechanical power.
The mechanical power is then used to run a generator or alternator to produce electricity by an electric generator or alternator.
Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Systems
Dish/engine systems use dual-axis collectors to track the sun. The ideal concentrator shape is parabolic, created either by a single reflective surface or multiple reflectors. There are many options for receiver and engine type, including Stirling engine and Brayton receivers. Dish/engine systems are not commercially available, although ongoing demonstrations indicate good potential.
Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Systems
Individual dish/engine systems currently can generate about 25 kilowatts of electricity. More capacity is possible by connecting dishes together. These systems can be combined with natural gas and the resulting hybrid provides continuous power generation. The dish-Stirling system works at higher efficiencies than any other current solar technologies, with a net solar-to-electric conversion efficiency reaching 30%.
Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Systems
One of the systems advantages is that it is somewhat modular, and the size of the facility can be ramped up over a period of time. That is compared to a traditional power plant or other large-scale solar technologies that have to be completely built before they are operational.
Solar Energy
Solar Power Towers
By collecting solar energy during daylight hours and storing it in hot molten salt, solar power towers give utilities an alternative method for meeting peak loads. The receiver collects the sun's heat in a heat-transfer fluid (liquid salt), which is used to generate steam for a conventional steam turbine located at the foot of the tower for production of electricity. The liquid salt at 290C is pumped from a cold storage tank through the receiver, where it is heated to 565C and then on to a hot tank for storage.
Solar Energy
Solar Power Towers
When power is needed from the plant, hot salt is pumped to a steam generating system that produces superheated steam to power a turbine and generator.
From the steam generator, the salt is returned to the cold tank, where it is stored and eventually reheated in the receiver. They are unique among solar technologies because they can store energy efficiently and cost effectively. They can operate whenever the customer needs power, even after dark or during cloudy weather. Solar Energy
Solar Power Towers
Power towers operate by focusing a field of thousands of mirrors onto a receiver located at the top of a centrally located tower. With thermal storage, power towers can operate at an annual capacity factor of 65%, which means they can potentially operate for 65% of the year without a backup fuel source. Without energy storage, solar technologies like this are limited to annual capacity factors near 25%.
Solar Energy
Thermal Storage

Uses high heat capacity fluids as heat transfer storage mediums 12 to 17 hours of storage will allow plants to have up to 60% to 70% capacity factors.
Solar Energy
Thermal Output of Hybrid Plant with Thermal Storage
Solar Energy
Solar Hydrogen Production

Example: Water splitting: 2H2O 2H2 + O2
18 Solar
Energy
Steam Methane Reforming Steam methane reforming is a possible process to produce hydrogen. Methane is reformed at elevated temperature and pressure to produce a syngas (mixture of H2 and CO). CH4+H2O Heat (206 kJ/ mole) 2H2 + CO The reforming reaction is carried out in a reformer containing tubes filled with nickel catalyst at temperatures between 500C and 950C and a pressure around 30 atmospheres. Heat required for this process is provided by solar energy. Solar Energy

Coal Gasification Like steam methane reforming, coal gasification proceeds by a treatment of coal feedstock with high temperature steam (1330C) to produce syngas (mixture of H2 and CO).
Coal (carbon source) + H2O H2 + CO + impurities The heat required for this gasification step comes from controlled addition of oxygen, which allows partial oxidation of a small amount of the coal feedstock.
Solar Energy
Coal Gasification
Because of this, the reaction is carried out in either an air-blown or oxygen-blown gasifier. The oxygen blown gasifier must be supplied with O2 from an independent air purification system.
Solar Energy

Sulfur-Iodine Cycle In the sulfur-iodine cycle, a heat source, possibly a solar dish, provides the heat necessary to drive three coupled thermo-chemical reactions. The coupled reaction system takes water as an input and through a series of reactions involving sulfur and iodine produces H2 and O2 as output. Process flow sheets have been developed for heat sources at 850 C and 950C.
The S-I cycle is described by the reactions:
Solar Energy

2H2O + SO2 + I2 Heat (-216 kJ/ mole) H2SO4+ 2 HI 2HI Heat (
12 kJ/ mole)
(< 120oC) (> 300oC)
H2SO4 Heat ( 371 kJ/ mole) H2O +SO2 + O2 (> 800oC) H2 + I2 H2 + O2
Net Effect H2O
Solar Energy
LENS CONCENTRATORS
PARABOLIC TROUGH
PARABOLIC DISH
PARABOLIC DISH & ENGINE

SOLAR FURNACE
SOLAR FURNACE
24 Solar
CENTRAL RECEIVER
Energy
Comparison of Technologies (2006)
Solar Energy
Solar Photovoltaic Systems
Solar Energy
What is a solar cell?
Solid state device that converts incident solar energy directly into electrical energy Efficiencies from several percent up to 2030%. No moving parts No noise Lifetimes of 30-40 years or more
Solar Energy
PV Cells
Photovoltaic energy is the conversion of sunlight into electricity. A photovoltaic cell, commonly called a solar cell or PV, is the technology used to convert solar energy directly into electrical power. A photovoltaic cell is a non mechanical device usually made from silicon alloys. Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of the solar spectrum. When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be reflected, pass right through, or be absorbed.
Solar Energy
Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the material's atoms. Special treatment of the material surface during manufacturing makes the front surface of the cell more receptive to free electrons, so the electrons naturally migrate to the surface. When the electrons leave their position, holes are formed. When many electrons, each carrying a negative charge, travel toward the front surface of the cell, the resulting imbalance of charge between the cell's front and back surfaces creates a voltage potential like the negative and positive terminals of a battery. When the two surfaces are connected through an external load, electricity flows. Solar Energy
Solar Energy
How Solar Cells Work

1. Photons in sunlight hit the solar panel and are absorbed by semiconducting materials, such as silicon. 2. Electrons (negatively charged) are knocked loose from their atoms, allowing them to flow through the material to produce electricity.
3. An array of solar cells converts solar energy into a usable amount of direct current (DC) electricity.
Solar Energy
Solar Energy
The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a photovoltaic system. Individual cells can vary in size from about 1 centimeter (1/2 inch) to about 10 centimeter (4 inches) across. However, one cell only produces 1 or 2 watts, which isn't enough power for most applications. To increase power output, cells are electrically connected into a packaged weather-tight module. Modules can be further connected to form an array. The term array refers to the entire generating plant, whether it is made up of one or several thousand modules. The number of modules connected together in an array depends on the amount of power output needed.
Solar Energy
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Solar Energy
Photovoltaic Systems consist of several electronic components which work together to collect solar radiation and convert it into electricity. Collectors Energy Storage System Inverter Distribution Center
Solar Energy
Available Cell Technologies
Single-crystal or Mono-crystalline Silicon Polycrystalline or Multi-crystalline Silicon Thin film
Ex. Amorphous silicon or Cadmium Telluride
Solar Energy
Monocrystalline Silicon Modules
Most efficient commercially available module (11% - 14%) Most expensive to produce Circular (squareround) cell creates wasted space on module
Solar Energy
Polycrystalline Silicon Modules
Less expensive to make than single crystalline modules Cells slightly less efficient than a single crystalline (10% - 12%) Square shape cells fit into module efficiently using the entire space
Solar Energy
Amorphous Thin Film
Most inexpensive technology to produce Metal grid replaced with transparent oxides Efficiency = 6 8 % Can be deposited on flexible substrates Less susceptible to shading problems Better performance in low light conditions that with crystalline modules Solar Energy
Solar Cell Market Estimate
Solar Energy
Selecting the Correct Module
Practical Criteria
Size
Voltage Availability Warranty Mounting Characteristics Cost (per watt)
Solar Energy
Effects of Temperature
As the PV cell temperature increases above 25 C, the module V decreases by approximately 0.5% per degree C
Solar Energy
Effects of Shading/Low Insolation
As insolation decreases amperage decreases while voltage remains roughly constant
Solar Energy
Grid-Tied System
Advantages
Low: Easy to install (less components) Grid can supply power
Disadvantages
No power when grid goes down
Solar Energy
Grid-Tied System
(With Batteries)
Complexity
High: Due to the addition of batteries

Grid still supplements power When grid goes down batteries supply power to loads.
Grid Interaction
Solar Energy
Off-Grid Stand Alone Systems
Off-grid stand alone systems operate independent of the electrical grid. You can purchase individual components to build your own system or purchase pre-packaged systems (pre-packaged systems coming soon).
Solar Energy
System with Inverter
Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Battery Basics
Battery A device that stores electrical energy (chemical energy to electrical energy and vice-versa) Capacity Amount of electrical energy the battery will contain State of Charge (SOC) Available battery capacity Depth of Discharge (DOD) Energy taken out of the battery Efficiency Energy out/Energy in (typically 80-85%)
Solar Energy
Functions of a Battery

Storage for the night Storage during cloudy weather Portable power Surge for starting motors
Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Global Cumulative PV Power
Solar Energy
Global Annual PV Market
Solar Energy
Cost Projections
Solar Energy
Solar PV Market Outlook

Annual PV Market Outlook
$700
Rest of World South Asia China Central + South America North America Europe
Sales in Billions
$600 $500 $400 $300 $200 $100 $2007 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
by 2030 8.9% of Global Energy, 1,864 GW Production Capacity, 2,646 TWh Electricity
Solar Energy
World's largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants (12 MW or larger)

Name of PV power plant Country DC Peak Power (MW)
60 50 46 40 34 30 Avg 20 Avg 20 14.75 13 200,000 First Solar thin-film CdTe modules. Completed Dec 2008 93 40
GWh /year
Notes
Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park Puertollano Photovoltaic Park Moura photovoltaic power station Waldpolenz Solar Park Arnedo Solar Plant Merida/Don Alvaro Solar Park 17 more 2 more Koethen
Spain Spain Portugal Germany Spain Spain Spain Korea Germany
85
Completed September 2008 2008 Completed December 2008 550,000 First Solar thin-film CdTe modules. Completed Dec 2008 Completed October 2008 Completed September 2008
Solar Energy
Solar Energy
40-MW PV Array installed at, Germany
Solar Energy
PV vs. Thermal
Solar Energy
Thank you
Solar Energy
Trough systems
Solar Energy
Trough systems
Solar Energy
Solar Power Generation
The Idea of Solar Driven ORC

Renewable Energy Resources Solar Energy
Solar Energy
Trough systems
Solar Energy
Trough systems
Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Systems
The cost for such prototype unit (25 kW) is about $150,000. Once in production the cost could be reduced to less than $50,000 each, which would make the cost of electricity competitive with conventional fuel technologies.
Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Systems
Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Receiver
Solar Energy
Dish/Engine Plant
Solar Energy
Stirling engine
Solar Energy
Solar Power Towers
Solar Energy
Solar Power Towers
Solar Energy
Solar Power Towers
Solar Energy
Solar Power Towers
Solar Energy
Solar Energy

Solar 3

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Solar 3

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Overview of High Temperature Solar Power Production

Renewable Energy Resources

Electric power generation. Hydrogen production

Renewable Energy Resources

Electric Power Generation

The heat is then channeled through a conventional generator.

Renewable Energy Resources

Electric Power Generation

Some systems use thermal storage during cloudy periods or at night.

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

1st Germany 2nd Japan 3rd US 4th Spain

3.8 GW 1.9 GW 814 MW 632 MW

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Power Towers

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Power Towers

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Power Towers

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Thermal Output of Hybrid Plant with Thermal Storage

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Hydrogen Production

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Hydrogen Production

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Hydrogen Production

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Hydrogen Production

The S-I cycle is described by the reactions:

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Hydrogen Production

(< 120oC) (> 300oC)

H2SO4 Heat ( 371 kJ/ mole) H2O +SO2 + O2 (> 800oC) H2 + I2 H2 + O2

Net Effect H2O

Renewable Energy Resources

PARABOLIC DISH & ENGINE

Renewable Energy Resources

Comparison of Technologies (2006)

Renewable Energy Resources

Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Renewable Energy Resources

What is a solar cell?

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

How Solar Cells Work

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Renewable Energy Resources

Available Cell Technologies