3 ScandPower Watercut

1
Impact of Dynamic Modelling on The Optimum GL Implementation Schedule Content 1. Dynamic Simulation 2. Dynamic Well Modelling 3. Optimum Gas Lift Implementation Schedule
ALRDC 2004 Spring GAS LIFT WORSHOP
be dynamic
www.scandpowerpt.com by
8 Juan Carlos Mantecon
1. Dynamic Simulation
Dynamic Simulation
10
Dynamic Engineering
11
Dynamic Engineering
SCREENING Fluid Properties Production Profiles Well Locations Pipeline Routings Process Options
CONCEPT/ FEED
INTEGRATION Field Layout Well Allocations Pipeline Data Process Scheme Control Scheme
PRODUCTION
OPERATIONS
DETAILED DESIGN
AS-BUILDING As-built Profiles Tuned Models Capacity Constraints Prod. Optimisation Troubleshooting
FIRST OIL
SIMULATION Operating Procedures Pipeline Management Well Management Training Simulators On-line/Off-line
APPLIED THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE

12
ROUTINE CONSIDERATION OF TRANSIENT EVENTS

NORMAL PRODUCTION Steady State Short Term Slugging START-UP Pigging PLANNED SHUTDOWN Long Term Inhibit or Displace
Start-up
Wax / Corrosion Short Term Rate Changes Cooldown Hydrate Inhib.
Pressurisation
Blowdown Inject Inhibitor
EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN
13
Dynamic Simulation
Goals Alignment
CAPEX Well Cost Rate of Completion Well Uptime Production Volume OPEX Data Quality Safety & Environment Early Production CAPEX Minimisation Maximise Total Production Minimise OPEX Reduce Production Decline Incremental Production
Performance Measures
Business Drivers
Production Profile
Development
14
28
Plateau
Decline
Why use a transient simulator?

Normal production
Sizing tubing / pipeline diameter, insulation requirement
Stability - Is flow stable? How to achieve stable production

Gas Lifting / Compressors Corrosion
Transient operations
Shut-down and start-up, ramp-up (Liquid and Gas surges)
Pigging Depressurisation (tube ruptures, leak sizing, etc.) Field networks (merging pipelines / well branches with different fluids)
Thermal-Hydraulics
Rate changes Pipeline packing and de-packing Pigging Shut-in, blow down and start-up / Well loading or unloading Flow assurance: Wax, Hydrate, Scale, etc.
When not to use dynamic simulation
Photo: T. Huseb
When things are frozen in time

16
Multiphase Flow is Transient ! Well Production is Dynamic! Unstable vs. Stable flow situations
Pipeline with many dips and humps:
high flow rates: stable flow is possible low flow rates: instabilities are most likely (i.e. terrain induced)
Wells with long horizontal sections Extended Reach Low Gas Oil Ratio (GOR):
increased tendency for unstable flow
Gas-condensate lines (high GOR):

may exhibit very long period transients due to low liquid velocities
Low pressure
increased tendency for unstable flow
Gas Lift Injection

Compressors problems, well interference, choke sizing, etc.
Production Chemistry Problems

Changes in ID caused by deposition
Smart Wells Control (Opening/Closing valves/sliding sleeves)

17
O L G A / D -S P IC E
P/T Development Flow Assurance

O LG A O LG A O LG A
Typical phase envelopes

S LU G F LO W
F ro n t T a il F ro n t
(m 3 / s )
R E S E R V O IR S IM U L A T O R ( E C L IP S E )
L IQ U ID F L O W IN T O S E P A R A T O R
LIQUID
Gas Condensate
Temperature effects
S e p a r a t e d f lo w D is p e r s e d b u b b le
T im e ( m in . )
Pressure
Gas
Oil
Reservoir Temperature
70 -110 oC /160 - 230oF 40oC/ 104o F 30oC/86oF 20oC/68oF
Emulsion Oil Water

GAS
Wax Hydrate
Hydrate
GAS + LIQUID
~ +4oC/39oF < 0oC/32oF (Joule Thompson)
Temperature
2. Dynamic Well Modelling
19
Dynamic Well Modelling

Especially suited for: Start-up and shut down of production Production from several reservoir zones Reservoir injection Analysing cross flow between reservoir zones Flow from multilateral wells Smart Wells Gas Lifting Well testing Segregation Gas/Condensate Wells - Dewatering Simulation of fluid flow in conventional and underbalanced drilling operations Blowout simulations
20
Advanced Well Module
IPR models in OLGA 2000

Constant Productivity Index Forcheimer model Single Forcheimer model
(High Pressure Gas Wells)
Vogel equation Backpressure equation

(Gas Wells)
Normalized Backpressure
(Saturated Oil Wells)
Tabulated IPR curve
21

The reservoir can be divided into multiple zones with differences in properties and IPR models
Properties can be defined as time series (wells life cycle) for each zone:
Reservoir pressure Reservoir temperature Gas fraction / GOR Water fraction / Water cut Drainage radius Skin Fracture pressure
22

Productivity Index in OLGA
The following equations are used to calculate the PI for the oil, water and gas to be used by OLGA. The PI in OLGA is the TOTAL PI (the associated gas must be added to the given PIProsper): The GOR is given in
standard cubic feet per standard barrels, the densities as kilograms per cubic meters and the water-cut in fraction
PI OIL
PI Pr osper (1 WC ) OIL 6.29 24 3600 6895

PI Pr osper WC WATER 6.29 24 3600 6895
PI WATER
PI GAS
PI Pr osper (1 WC )GOR GAS 35 .315 24 3600 6895

23

Mass Sources
The following equations show how the total mass flow is calculated in OLGA when Watercut, GOR and Volume flow are known The properties at standard condition are taken from the PVT table.
PHASE = GAS -
ST Qg
= STDFLOWRATE
tot Q ( m
ST g
PHASE = LIQUID -
ST g
1 1 wc ST ST o ( )w ) GOR GOR 1 wc
= STDFLOWRATE
ST Qliq
ST ST ST ST tot Qliq m (wc w (1 wc) o GOR(1 wc) g )

24

Mass Sources
The following equations show how the total mass flow is calculated in OLGA when Watercut, GOR and Volume flow are known The properties at standard condition are taken from the PVT table.
ST Qo
PHASE = OIL -
= STDFLOWRATE
tot Q ( m
ST o
PHASE = WATER -
ST o
GOR
ST g
wc ST w ) 1 wc
ST Qw
= STDFLOWRATE
tot Q ( m
ST w
ST w
1 wc ST 1 wc ST o GOR( ) g ) wc wc
25

Annular flow In annular flow there will be a higher wetted surface area compared to the flow area In OLGA 2000 a single pipeline with corresponding flow area is assumed The wall interfacial friction is calculated based on a hydraulic diameter, Dh:
4A Dh Dc - Dt S
26

Gas lift
No library of commercial gas lift valves
OLGA is reasonably effective at simulating the unloading operation
Specific valve characteristics or controller routines can be defined:

The LEAK command coupled with the CONTROLLER command provides a means of reasonably accurate representation of an unloading valve
Casing and/or Tubing sensitive valves
Concentric casing or parasite string injection

Well kick-off Continuous GL to reduce static pressure
Gas Lift
Production Production Fluids GL Fluids + + GL
Riser gas lifting

To reduce static pressure To reduce / avoid slugging
Stability prediction with Slugtracking

27

Gas lift The OLGA bundle can be use to calculate a source temperature at injection point
e.g. gas flowing in the annulus of the CARRIER Production
Gas Injection
Casing
Branch = GASINJ
Annulus flow model with normal OLGA Branch features gives very exact countercurrent heat exchange It is possible to combine various branch models with the BUNDLE, the SOIL and FEM-Therm
Branch = WELLH
Node
Branch = WELLB
28

Gas lift Unloading (Duals, Check Valve Wash-out, etc.) The Annulus keyword is used to model the GL annulus with a number of Leaks installed to provide communication between the well annulus and the tubing
Each Leak is then assigned a GLV to control the opening and closing of the valve
TUBING
TUBING
PD AD AC AT PC
PT
ANNULUS
The GLV operation is simulated using a combination of cascade and PID controllers
e.g. Pdome is modified based on temperature and depth. The output is then used to determine the Ptbg at which the GLV will open based on the local Pcsg. This is compared against the actual Ptbg to determine if the GLV is open
PD AD AC AT PC
PT
ANNULUS
TUBING
PD AD AC AT PC
PT
ANNULUS
29
3. Optimum Gas Lift Implementation Schedule
30
Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

OLGA is a powerful tool for establishing the watercut limits for which the well would not produce at steady state and where it would not kick off investigate a future kick-off problem Gas Lift will be required at some time in the future in order to kick-off the wells Wells will encounter kick-off problems at a lower watercut than their their natural flow limit Determining the kick-off limits is a key issue for determining the optimum gas lift implementation schedule
The installation cost of a GL system to support the kick-off of the well is high and deferring this expenditure is of high NPV ($MM). On the other hand, the inability to kick-off the well has a high impact cost in terms of deferred production ($100MM).
Watercut limits may increase with increasing Reservoir pressures Watercut limits are more sensitive to FTHP and PI.
The matrix of results (dynamic sensitivity runs) will determine at what point in the future the well will need GL to overcome the impact of fluid segregation on kick-off (and optimum GL volume)
31

Elevation Profile vs. Horizontal and Tubing Length
Model from Reservoir to Christmas tree number of pipes =F(trajectory), pipe is divided into 50m section lengths
Well #SPT69
0
Top of tubing Top of tubing
-500
-1000
Elevation [m]
-1500
-2000
-2500
Reservoir
-3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Position [m] Horizontal Length

32
Pipeline Length

Productivity Index and Oil Rate vs. Water Cut
The reservoir fluid PVT is critical to the model results The time at which the well will not naturally kick-off is dependent on PI, Reservoir Pressure and Watercut.
Well SPT69
Well SPT69 - FTHP = 500 psia

25,000
Production Index [bbls/d/psia]
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
20,000
15,000
Oil Rate [STB/D]
10,000
5,000
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Watercut [%]
2500 psia
Watercut [%] 3500 psia 3000 psia
3600 psia
3800 psia
33

Watercut Limits Steady State OLGA vs. Prosper
The watercut limits at steady state may be found using OLGA (Transient) and Prosper (Steady State) software. Differences for the particular study case are shown below WC predicted by Prosper are lower than predicted by OLGA
70
62
60
52
50
44
54 47 36 39 28 31 27
Water-cut [%]
40 30 20 10 0 2700
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
Reservoir Pressure [psia] Prosper OLGA 2000

34

Watercut Limits Steady State vs. Kick-Off
This well will only kick-off for 20-26% lower watercuts (absolute) than it will produce at steady state (this may increase with R pressure)
70
62
60
52
50
44
Watercut [%]
40 30 20
36 32 28 24
38
10
10
0
0 2500
2900
3100
3300
3500
3700
Reservoir pressure [psia] Steady state Kick-off

35

Roughness and U-value sensitivities Low (half), Base and High (double) Overall transfer Coefficient
Well SPT69 - 3000 psia reservoir pressure

50 45 40 35
46 44 44

50 45 40 35
44 44 44
Watercut [%]
26 24 24
Watercut [%]
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
30 25 20 15 10 5 0
24
24 22
0.0006
0.001
0.002
Low
Base
High
Roughness [inch] Steady state
U-value
Kick-off
Steady state Kick-off
36

FTHP and PI sensitivities Watercut limits increase a little with increasing PI Watercut limits are more sensitive to FTHP changes

70
60

60
48 44
60 50
44
50
40
40
Watercut [%]
40 30 20 10 0
38
Watercut [%]
30
24 20
28
28 24
20
10
6
500.00
700.00
900.00
Low
Base
High
FTHP [psia]
Productivity Index
37

Temperature profiles at different points in time base case
Well SPT69 at 3000 reservoir pressure and 20% WC
Steady state 6 hours after shut-in 1 hour after shut-in 12 hours after shut-in 120 100
3 hours after shut-in 24 hours after shut-in
Temperature [C]
80 60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Pipeline length [m]

38

Segregation during Steady State before Shut-in Watercut = 20%, Reservoir Pressure 3,000 psia, FTHP = 500 psia
Steady state
-200
-700
Elevation [m]
-1200
-1700
-2200
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fraction [-] Water

39
Oil
Gas

Segregation during Shut-in Watercut = 20%, Reservoir Pressure 3,000 psia, FTHP = 500 psia The apparently sudden changes in O,W & G hold-up are due to the graphs being plotted as TVD rather than along the hole.
1 min after shut-in
6 min after shut-in
-200
-200
-700
-700
Elevation [m]
Elevation [m]
-1200
-1200
-1700
-1700
-2200
-2200
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fraction [-] Water Oil Gas
40

Segregation during Shut-in Watercut = 20%, Reservoir Pressure 3,000 psia, FTHP = 500 psia
1 hour after shut-in
24 hours after shut-in
-200
-200
GAS
-700
-700
Elevation [m]
-1200
Elevation [m]
-1200
OIL
-1700
-1700
-2200
-2200
WATER
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
41

Segregation during Start-up Watercut = 20%, Reservoir Pressure 3,000 psia, FTHP = 500 psia
1 min after start-up
-200
-200
-700
-700
Elevation [m]
-1200
Elevation [m]
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1200
-1700
-1700
-2200
-2200
-2700
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
42

Segregation during Start-up Watercut = 20%, Reservoir Pressure 3,000 psia, FTHP = 500 psia
-200
-200
-700
-700
Elevation [m]
-1200
Elevation [m]
-1200
-1700
-1700
-2200
-2200
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
43

Steady State after Start-up Watercut = 20%, Reservoir Pressure 3,000 psia, FTHP = 500 psia
Steady state after start-up
-200
-700
Elevation [m]
-1200
-1700
-2200
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fraction [-] Water

44
Oil
Gas

Steady State after Start-up Watercut = 26%, Reservoir Pressure 3,000 psia, FTHP = 500 psia
Steady state after start-up
-200
-700
Elevation [m]
-1200
-1700
-2200
-2700 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Fraction [-] Water

45
Oil
Gas

OLGA is a powerful tool for establishing the watercut limits for which the well would not produce at steady state and where it would not kick off investigate a future kick-off problem Gas Lift will be require at some time in the future in order to kick-off the wells Wells will encounter kick-off problems at a lower watercut than their their natural flow limit Determining the kick-off limits is a key issue for determining the optimum gas lift implementation schedule
The installation cost of a GL system to support the kick-off of the well is high and deferring this expenditure is of high NPV ($MM). On the other hand, the inability to kick-off the well has a high impact cost in terms of deferred production ($100MM).
Watercut limits may increase with increasing R pressures Watercut limits are more sensitive to FTHP and PI.
The matrix of results (dynamic sensitivity runs) will determine at what point in the future the well will need GL to overcome the impact of fluid segregation on kick-off (and optimum GL volume)
46
be dynamic
Thank You!
47
Any Questions?

3 ScandPower Watercut

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

3 ScandPower Watercut

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

APPLIED THROUGHOUT THE PROJECT LIFE-CYCLE

ROUTINE CONSIDERATION OF TRANSIENT EVENTS

Blowdown Inject Inhibitor

Why use a transient simulator?

Stability - Is flow stable? How to achieve stable production

When not to use dynamic simulation

When things are frozen in time

Gas-condensate lines (high GOR):

Gas Lift Injection

Production Chemistry Problems

Smart Wells Control (Opening/Closing valves/sliding sleeves)

P/T Development Flow Assurance

Typical phase envelopes

Emulsion Oil Water

~ +4oC/39oF < 0oC/32oF (Joule Thompson)

2. Dynamic Well Modelling

Dynamic Well Modelling

Advanced Well Module

IPR models in OLGA 2000

Vogel equation Backpressure equation

Tabulated IPR curve

Advanced Well Module

Advanced Well Module

PI Pr osper (1 WC ) OIL 6.29 24 3600 6895

PI Pr osper (1 WC )GOR GAS 35 .315 24 3600 6895

Advanced Well Module

ST ST ST ST tot Qliq m (wc w (1 wc) o GOR(1 wc) g )

Advanced Well Module

Advanced Well Module

Advanced Well Module

Specific valve characteristics or controller routines can be defined:

Concentric casing or parasite string injection

Riser gas lifting

Stability prediction with Slugtracking

Advanced Well Module

Advanced Well Module

3. Optimum Gas Lift Implementation Schedule

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

-3000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Position [m] Horizontal Length

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

Well SPT69 - FTHP = 500 psia

Production Index [bbls/d/psia]

Oil Rate [STB/D]

Watercut [%] 3500 psia 3000 psia

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

Reservoir Pressure [psia] Prosper OLGA 2000

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

Reservoir pressure [psia] Steady state Kick-off

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

Well SPT69 - 3000 psia reservoir pressure

Well SPT69 - 3000 psia reservoir pressure

Roughness [inch] Steady state

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

Well SPT69 - 3000 psia reservoir pressure

Well SPT69 - 3000 psia reservoir pressure

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation

3 hours after shut-in 24 hours after shut-in

80 60 40 20 0 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500

Pipeline length [m]

Dynamic Wells Modelling Watercut Limit for Kick-off / Shut-in Segragation