Developmental theories

(part one) Presented by

Dr. Doria Hassan Abd Elrahim

Objectives:
At the end of this lecture the paramedic will be able to: * Identify Freud's principle of developmental stages as they related to

nursing care.
* Describe five stages of development according to Freud theory. * Identify Erikson's eight stages of development.

Outlines
- Introduction. - Freud's theory (Psychoanalytical theory of development. - Erikson's (Psychosocial developmental theory).

Introduction:
Human development and behavior have been studied science the beginning of 20th century, and theories what

explain human responses expected at certain ages during

life have been developed. Although a psychological approach is common to all developmental theories, each theory has a different focus.

Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality

Sigmund Freud
1- Levels of Awareness 2- Structure of Personality 3- Psychosexual stages

I- Three Levels of Awareness:

Conscious Preconscious Unconscious

1- Conscious
Current contents of your
mind that you actively think of What we call working memory. Easily accessed all the time.

2-Preconscious
Contents of the mind you
are not currently aware of; Thoughts ,memories, knowledge, wishes, feelings. Available for easy access when needed.

3- Unconscious
Contents kept out of
conscious awareness. Not accessible at all. Processes that actively keep these thoughts from awareness.

Freudian structure of Personality

The Id
The Ego The Superego

1- Id
Resides completely at the unconscious level
Acts under the pleasure principle
immediate satisfaction, not willing to cooperate Generates all of the personalitys energy

2- Superego
The moralist and idealistic part of the

personality
Resides in preconscious Operates on ideal principle
Begins forming at 4-5 years of age. initially formed form environment and others

(society, family etc).

Internalized conventions and morals.

Essentially your conscience

3-Ego
Resides in all levels of awareness.

Operates under reality

principle

Attempts negotiation (the

mediator ) between Id and

Superego to satisfy both

realistically

Conflicts of Personality Components

Conflicts between the Id, Superego and Ego arise in unconscious mind. Come out in various ways:
Slips of tongue (Freudian slip) Dreams Anxiety Defense Mechanism

Psychosexual Development
Stages of development in which conflict over Ids
impulses plays out. Ego must control these impulses. If not resolved, psychological issues can emerge later in life.

Psychosexual Stages
Oral (0-18 months)
Anal (18months-3 years) Phallic (3- 6 years of age) Latency (6 years to puberty) Genital (puberty and beyond)

Psychosexual Stages
1- Oral Stage (0-18 months)
Pleasure centering around the mouth (sucking, biting etc) Focus: weaning- becoming less dependent. Not resolved? aggression or dependency later in life-- fixation with oral activities (smoking, drinking, nail biting etc.

2- Anal (18months-3 years):

Fixation on bowel and bladder elimination Focus: search for control

Not resolved? anal retentive (rigid and obsessive personality) or anal expulsive (unclean and disorganized personality).

3- Phallic (3-6 years)

Focus: genital area and difference between males and females.

Electra Complex (girls)or Oedipus Complex (boys).

Complexes in the Phallic Stage

Oedipus Complex (boys):
Unconscious sexual desires towards mother, father is competition

Electra Complex (girls)

Unconscious sexual desires towards father and mother is completion.

Resolution? Kid identifies with same sex parent

.

4-Latency (6 years to puberty)

Sexual interest is repressed Kids play with same sex others-- until puberty.

5-Genital (puberty and beyond)

Sexual urges awaken
If developed properly develop these urges towards opposite sex members with fixation on the genitals

Eriksons Stages of Development:

Eriksons Development theory

-Eriksons theory is based on the idea that development
through life is a series of stages which are each defined by a crisis or challenge.

The early stages provide the foundations for later stages so Erikson says that if a child does not resolve a crisis in a particular stage, they will have problems in later stages.

Infancy stage
1- Infancy: birth to 1 year basic conflict is trust vs. mistrust. the important event is feeding and the important relationship is with the mother. - The infant must develop a loving, trusting relationship with the mother/caregiver through feeding, teething and comforting. -Failure to resolve this conflict can lead to sensory distortion, and withdrawal.

Stage 2 Anal
2- Toddler: (age 1 to 3 years):

Basic conflict is autonomy vs. shame/doubt - The important event is toilet training and the important relationship is with the parents. - The childs energy is directed towards mastering physical skills such as walking, grasping and muscular control. The child learns self control but may develop shame, doubt, impulsivity or compulsion if not handled well.

Stage 3-preschool
3- Preschool: (age 3 to 6 years ): basic conflict is initiative vs. guilt. - The important event is independence and the important relationship is family. the child continues to become more assertive in exploration, discovery, adventure and play.

- The child may show too much force in this stage causing feelings of guilt. -Failure to resolve this conflict can lead to worthlessness and inhibition .

Stage 4 Latency
4-Latency:( age 6 to 12 years) (school age): the basic conflict in this stage is industry vs. inferiority The important event is school and the important relationships are teachers, friends and neighborhood.

- The child must learn to deal with new skills and

develop a sense of achievement and accomplishment. - Failure to do so can create a sense of inferiority,

failure and incompetence.

Stage 5 Adolescence
5- Adolescent: (age 12 to 20 years ): the basic conflict is identity vs. role confusion
-The important event is development of peer relationships and the important relationships are peers, groups and social influences. *The teenager must achieve a sense of identity in occupation, sex roles, politics and religion. In addition, they must resolve their identity and direction. *Failure to make these resolutions can lead to the repression of aspects of the individual for the sake of others (fanaticism).

A Stage 6 Young dult hood

6- Young Adulthood: (age 20 to 40 years): the basic conflict in young adulthood is intimacy vs. isolation - The important event is parenting and the important relationships are lovers, friends and work connections. - In this stage, the individual must develop intimate relationships through work and social life. - Failure to make such connections can lead to exclusivity and isolation.

Stage 7 Middle Adulthood

7- Middle Adulthood: (age 40 to 65 years): the basic conflict is generativity vs. stagnation. the important event is parenting and the important relationships are with children and the community. this stage is based on the idea that each adult must find a way to satisfy, support and contribute to the next generation; it is often thought of as giving back. - Failure to resolve this stage can lead to overextension or rejectivity.

Stage 8 Maturity
8-Maturity: (age 65 to death):
the basic conflict is ego integrity vs. despair the important event is reflection on and acceptance of the individuals life the individual is creating meaning and purpose of ones life and reflecting on life achievements.

- Failure to resolve this conflict can create feelings

of disdain