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INTRODUCTION
PARALLEL COMPUTING
A collection of processing elements that can communicate and
cooperate to solve large problems more quickly than a single
processing.
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TYPE OF PARALLELISM
Overt
• Parallelism is visible to the programmer
• May be difficult to program (correctly)
• Large improvements in performance
Covert
• Parallelism is not visible to the programmer
• Compiler responsible for parallelism
• Easy to do
PROCESSORS
GENERAL CLASSIFICATION
Vector
• Large rows of data are operated on simultaneously.
Scalar
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ARCHITECTURAL CLASSIFICATIONS
SISD Machines
• Conventional single processor computers.
• The various circuits of the CPU are split up into functional
• units which are arranged into a pipeline.
• Each functional unit operates on the result of the previous
• functional unit during a clock cycle.
Presented by : Jyotiman Prusty
HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING
PROCESSORS(cont..)
SIMD Machines
• Single CPU devoted to control a large collection
of subordinate processors.
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PROCESSORS(cont..)
MISD Machines
• Multiple instructions should act on a single stream of data.
• No practical machine in this class has been constructed.
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MIMD Machines
• Multiple processors(own or shared memory).
• Each processor can run the same or different programs.
• Each processor processes different data streams.
• Processors can work synchronously or asynchronously.
• Processors can be either tightly or loosely coupled.
•There are shared-memory systems and distributed-memory
• systems.
MEMORY ORGANIZATION
SHARED MEMORY
• One common memory block between all processors
• One common bus for all processors
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Fig-1 Fig-2
MEMORY ORGANIZATION(Cont..)
DISTRIBUTED MEMORY
• Each processor has private memory.
• Contents of private memory can only be accessed
by that processor.
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Fig-3
MEMORY ORGANIZATION(Cont..)
VIRTUAL SHARED MEMORY
• Objective is to have the scalability of distributed
• memory with shared memory.
• Global address space mapped onto physically
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• distributed memory.
• Data moves between processors on demand.
Fig-4
Weather forecasting
Earth quake prediction
River solution simulation
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Air pollution
Aircraft simulations
Gene sequencing and mapping
Artificial intelligence
Computer Graphics
Geophysical/Petroleum Modeling
Database Applications
DISADVANTAGES
More costly
More complex
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CONCLUSION
Thank you!!!
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