Automotive Fuel Economy and the IVT

F.G.Perry
Eur.Ing, C.Eng, M.I.Mech.E, M.R.Ae.S

Presented at Bath University, March 1st. 2006

Perbury Engineering Ltd.

P.O. Box 2 Charlbury Oxon OX7 3PD UK

Tel: 44(0)1608 810334 Fax: 44(0)1608 811486 email: forbes@perbury.co.uk

OUTLINE Fundamental Power Requirements Single Regime IVT (Infinitely Variable Transmission)

Perbury Multi-Regime IVT Engine Optimum Operating Line Typical Fuel Consumption Bath University/NREL Simulation Predictions for Perbury IVT
Summary How to increase MPG Conclusions
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Road Load HP
70 60 50

ROAD LOAD HP

Typical 2000 lb, 70 bhp car

40 30 20 10 0 0 20 40 MPH 60 80 100

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Engine Fuel Map and Vehicle Gearing

100
Maximum Torque Max Power
240 250 g/kW.h

80

Torque lb ft

60
270 300

40
400 600

90 80 MPH

20
800
1000

60
0

30
3 4 5

Engine RPM 000s

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Single Regime IVT

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Pinion Speed Ratio W.O. Variable Ratio

2.50 2.00

Pinion Speed Ratio

1.50 1.00 0.50 0.00 -0.50 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 Variable Ratio Low Regime High Regime

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Regime Efficiencies
includes all parasitic losses 96 94

Efficiency %

92 90 88 86 84 82 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 Variable Ratio Low High

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Engine Fuel Map and Vehicle Gearing

100
Maximum Torque 80 90
240 250 g/kW.h 270 300

80
70 60

Max Power

Torque lb ft

60
Optimum Line 50

40

90
80 MPH

40
400 600

20

30
800 1000

60 30
3 4 5

Engine RPM 000s

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Transmission ratio for minimum fuel consumption

including efficiencies
Overdrive bypass 2.0 1.8

Reduction | Overdrive

1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0 20 40 MPH 60 80 100

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MPG vs MPH at Constant Speed

70 60

Miles/UK Gallon

50 40 30 20 10 0 20 30 40 50 60 MPH Manual (97%) 70 80 90 100

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MPG vs MPH at Constant Speed

70 60 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 30 40 50 60 MPH IVT (84-94.5%)
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Miles/UK Gallon

50 40 30 20 10 0 70 80 90

100

Manual (97%)

% Increase

% Increase

2000 Honda Insight Hybrid

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Introduction to ADVISOR
ADVISOR, NRELs ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR, is a set of model, data, and script text files for use with Matlab and Simulink. It is designed for quick analysis of the performance and fuel economy of conventional, electric, and hybrid vehicles. ADVISOR also provides a backbone for the detailed simulation and analysis of user defined drivetrain components, a starting point of verified vehicle data and algorithms from which to take full advantage of the modeling flexibility of Simulink and analytic power of Matlab. ADVISOR was preliminarily written and used in November 1994. Since then, it has been modified as necessary to help manage the US DOE Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System subcontracts. Only in January 1998 was a concerted development effort undertaken to clean up and document ADVISOR.
Since then, researchers at Chrysler Corp. General Motors Corp. AlliedSignal Automotive Argonne National Laboratory Naval Research Laboratory University of California-Davis University of Maryland University of Illinois-Urbana/Champaign and other research institutions have used ADVISOR to predict the performance of their vehicles, do studies on the effect of control strategy on emissions and fuel use, among other things.
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MPG vs Minimum Engine RPM

1500
1400 Minimum Engine Speed - RPM 1300 1200
Av. Cycle Stops Miles MPH HWFET 1 10.26 48.2 US06 5 8.01 47.97 SC03 6 3.58 21.44 FTP 22 11.04 16.04 Av. Accel ft/sec2 0.64 2.2 1.65 1.68

1100
1000 900 800

Modified Min. Engine RPM SC03

FTP US06
60 100 110 120

70

80

90

130

HWFET

UK MPG
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Starting Optimum Line

50 40

Torque - lb ft

30

Feasible
20 10 0 0 500 1000 Engine RPM 1500 2000

Used in the simulation

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Acceleration Times
14 12 10
Car Weight Engine bhp SFC Max 2000 lb 50 kW max 0.35 lb/bhp.hr 213 g/kW.hr

Seconds

8 6 4 2 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 MPH

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MPG vs MPH - Honda Insight

160 140 120 5th. 100 100 80 60 40 With manual 20 0 20 30 40 50 60 MPH 70 80 90 100 160 140 4th. With IVT 120

Gear 3rd.

80 60 40 20 0

Simulation constant speeds

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Increase %

MPG (UK)

MPG (US) Predictions for Perbury IVT

Honda Simulation Results Drive Cycle FTP HWFET US06 SC03 Pubd Data 65.6 89.9 n/a n/a NREL Test 64.1 79.0 52.3 62.7 Hybrid 63.3 84.8 54.8 55.5 Folsom CVT Manual 60.8 76.6 48.5 56.1 59.6 79.0 46.1 54.2 Auto 57.3 81.1 51.7 52.9 Perbury 75.8 101.9 60.4 68.8 90.3 83.1 Perbury Increase % % 20.3 27.2 20.2 29.0 10.2 31.0 24.0 26.9 MPG (UK) Perbury 91.0 122.4 72.5 82.6 108.5 99.8 94.8

MPG at a constant 60 MPH 65 MPH Official Combined MPG

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How to increase miles per gallon

Reduce engine speeds by high vehicle gearing
Keep to a chosen engine optimum line but allow for transient departures

After attaining maximum overdrive, bypass the rolling assembly

For a given transmission, select the final drive ratio to suit the vehicle speeds during bypass ONLY AN IVT CAN DO ALL THIS AND STILL BE SMOOTHLY DRIVABLE
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Conclusions
Changing from fixed ratios to IV can indeed increase MPG
Simulation increases are approximately 20% better than the Honda Insight Hybrid and 30% better than the 5-speed manual Even greater increases than this seem to be possible

An additional benefit - cars and traffic can be quieter as well

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