Prepared by: Ghuellene V.

Magalonaa

MINING

> The physical removal of materials from deep into ground within the earths crust and includes metals, nonmetallic minerals and other materials that were formed millions of years ago, and were selectively recovered through various methods

Onshore Surface Mining- quarrying, open pit metallic and non-metallic mining Subsurface- tunneling; rat hole mining Magnetite mining- leveling mountain top by removing soil and rocks

Offshore -Magnetite mining using suction to obtain sand and sediments from bottom sediments in the seacoast or on the shore of beaches. Based on size a. Small scale - size is small; maximum of 20 hectares based on RA 7076. b. Large scale - 810 to 40,500 onshore and up to 324,000 hectares offshore based on RA 7942.

A. Surface Mining - removes surface vegetation, dirt, and layers of bedrock when the ore deposit is buried under the ground .

B. Sub-surface Mining - involves digging tunnels or shafts into the ground to reach ore deposits.

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Open fit

- excavation in the ground.

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Open fit Quarrying

- excavation in the ground. - gathering of building materials from an open fit.

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Open fit Quarrying Strip

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- excavation in the ground. - gathering of building materials from an open fit. - stripping off surface layers to reveal the ore.

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2.

Open fit Quarrying

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- excavation in the ground. - gathering of building materials from an open fit. Strip - stripping off surface layers to reveal the ore. Mountaintop removal- removing the top of a mountain to reach the ore deposits at certain depth.

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Open fit Quarrying

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- excavation in the ground. - gathering of building materials from an open fit. Strip - stripping off surface layers to reveal the ore. Mountaintop removal- removing the top of a mountain to reach the ore deposits at certain depth. Landfill mining- landfill soils are excavated and brought to another site.

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Open fit Quarrying

5. 6.

- excavation in the ground. - gathering of building materials from an open fit. Strip - stripping off surface layers to reveal the ore. Mountaintop removal- removing the top of a mountain to reach the ore deposits at certain depth. Landfill mining- landfill soils are excavated and brought to another site. Drift mining- digs horizontal access tunnels.

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Open fit Quarrying

5. 6. 7.

- excavation in the ground. - gathering of building materials from an open fit. Strip - stripping off surface layers to reveal the ore. Mountaintop removal- removing the top of a mountain to reach the ore deposits at certain depth. Landfill mining- landfill soils are excavated and brought to another site. Drift mining - digs horizontal access tunnels. Slope mining - digs diagonal sloping access shafts.

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Open fit Quarrying

5.

6.
7. 8.

- excavation in the ground. - gathering of building materials from an open fit. Strip - stripping off surface layers to reveal the ore. Mountaintop removal- removing the top of a mountain to reach the ore deposits at certain depth. Landfill mining- landfill soils are excavated and brought to another site. Drift mining - digs horizontal access tunnels. Slope mining - digs diagonal sloping access shafts. Shaft mining - digs vertical access shafts.

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Placer deposits - valuable minerals found in gravels, sand and other unconsolidated material of rivers.

b.

Lode deposits - valuable minerals found in veins, layers, or scattered minerals grains of rocks.

Exploration - involves clearing of vegetation it is also includes boring of holes to test the presence and concentration of desired minerals/metals. -cutting of trees is also done resulting in: Increase in temperature Loss of biodiversity flooding of low-lying areas, landslides during typhoons and Disruption of the watershed

Site Development
- involves building of roads and other infrastructures(offices, processing plants, others) -Blasting of rocks also happens during stripping to remove the overburden soil and rocks.

Extraction and Beneficiation (processing) - involves more blasting and diggings using heavy equipment to get to the ore. - this is followed by grinding rocks and addition of chemicals to extract the metals from the mineral ores.

Mine closure -the company leaves when the ores has been exhausted.

1. Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) - occurs in iron sulfide rocks when exposed to oxygen and water, undergo chemical reaction that generate sulfuric acid and red iron sulfate precipitate that coats rocks and sediments orange-red. Generation of large Volumes of waste rocks and tailings - contain undesired toxic heavy metals.

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Island ecosystem with steep slopes Tropical climate which is rainy Typhoon path average of 20 typhoons per year Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) Ecosystem Interconnectedness Presence of farmlands and fishing grounds

Forest cools the air, replenishes groundwater through the watershed effect, carbon sink thus, reduce the effects of global warming that causes climate change, and high biodiversity that provide shelter for various organisms and maintains balance in population of various organisms.

Rivers carry nutrients from high elevation down slope and deposit them along the way to croplands until the sea. The fresh water they carry lessens the saltiness of the sea near the shore, allowing mangroves to survive.

Mangroves protect the shoreline from eroding. They also filter sediments and solid waste coming from the land while sea grass beds hold on to fine sediments such as the silt and in the process prevents smothering the coral reefs.

Coral reefs protect the various marine habitats and shoreline by reducing the impacts of strong waves of typhoons.