MOISTURE CONTENT

AND DRYING RATE

CALCULATIONS
SOLIDS
MOISTURE CONTENT
RELATIONSHIPS
MOISTURE/SOLID
EQUILIBRIUM
RELATIONSHIPS
FIGURES 9.4-1 AND 9.4-
2 FOR SEVERAL TYPES
OF SYSTEMS
DEFINED ON THE BASIS
OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
AT A SPECIFIC
TEMPERATURE
EQUILIBRIUM AMOUNT
OF MOISTURE TENDS
TO DECREASE WITH
INCREASING
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE CONTENT
VARIABLES
BASED ON THE MASS OF MOISTURE
RELATIVE TO THE MASS BONE DRY SOLID
( )
( )
) (
.
% 100 @
) 2 5 . 9 (
1 5 . 9
*
*
Moisture Surf ace
X X Bound Above Content Moisture X
Moisture Unbound
H with Saturation Content Moisture X
X X Content Moisture Free X
Content Moisture m Equilibriu X
BDS Solid Dry Mass
Liquid Mass
X
B t U
R B
t
t
= =
= =
= =
=
=

DRYING RATE CURVES

DEPEND ON WHETHER HEAT OR
MASS TRANSFER CONTROLS
FREE MOISTURE VS. TIME
DRYING RATE VS. MOISTURE CONTENT
http://www.ias.ac.in/sa
dhana/Pdf2005Oct/PE1
280.pdf
DRYING REGIMES
CONSTANT RATE - NO LIMIT TO MASS
TRANSFER IN SOLID PHASE
SURFACE MOISTURE
TRANSFER NEAR SURFACE
FALLING RATE
MOISTURE FLUX
THROUGH THE SOLID
IS HINDERED
CRITICAL POINTS OCCUR
BETWEEN CONSTANT
RATE AND FALLING RATE
WITH A CHANGE IN THE
FALLING RATE DRYING
MECHANISM
DRYING MODELS
RATES FROM EMPIRICAL DATA



CONSTANT RATE DRYING
CONTROLLED BY HEAT TRANSFER TO
VAPORIZE THE MOISTURE OR MASS
TRANSFER
) 3 5 . 9 (
A
A
=
t A
X L
R
S
( )
( ) 7 6 . 9 ) ( =

= H H M k
T T h
R
W B y
W
W
C

HEAT TRANSFER
CORRELATIONS
TO PREDICT CONSTANT RATE DRYING







RADIATION CAN ALSO BE A FACTOR
) 10 6 . 9 ( 37 . 0 17 . 1
:
) 9 6 . 9 ( 0128 . 0 0204 . 0
:
37 . 0
2
37 . 0
2
8 . 0
2
8 . 0
2
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
G
R f t
BTU
h G
K m
W
h
SURFACE TO LAR PERPENDICU
G
R f t
BTU
h G
K m
W
h
SURFACE TO PARALLEL
FACTORS THAT AFFECT h

AIR VELOCITY (G)
GAS HUMIDITY (T T
W)
AND (H
W
-H)
GAS TEMPERATURE (T T
W)
AND (H
W
-H)
SOLID THICKNESS - NO EFFECT ON RATE
FOR SURFACE MOISTURE
MATERIALS SURFACE FINISH OR ANY
CONDITION THAT STIMULATES
TURBULENCE
J. E. SUGARMAN & T. J. VITALE, OBSERVATIONS ON THE
DRYING OF PAPER: FIVE DRYING METHODS AND THE DRYING
PROCESS Journal of the American Institute for
Conservation , 1992, Volume 31, Number 2, Article 3 (pp.
175 to 197) http://www.jstor.org/stable/3179491?seq=1
CONSTANT RATE DRYING TIME
DRYING TIME CAN BE CALCULATED
BY INTEGRATING (9.5.-3)
LOWER VALUE OF X > X
C
(CRITICAL
POINT)
}
> =
1
2
2
X
X
C
C
S
R
X X WHERE
R
dX
A
L
t
C
FALLING RATE DRYING
CONTROLLED BY
GAS PHASE MASS TRANSFER FROM
SOLID
OR HEAT TRANSFER INTO THE SOLID
TO VAPORIZE THE MOISTURE.
GENERAL FORM OF THE EQUATION:
X
1
< X
C
( ) 1 6 . 9
) (
1
2
=
}
X
X
S
F
X R
dX
A
L
t
FALLING RATE DRYING
NUMERICAL CALCULATION FOR
COMPLEX SYSTEMS
SEE EXAMPLE (9.7-1) FOR NUMERICAL
INTEGRATION
SIMPLIFICATIONS FOR LINEAR
RELATIONSHIPS: R(X) = aX + b


FOR b = 0, LINEAR THRU ORIGIN
) 4 7 . 9 ( ln
) (
) (
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1

=
R
R
R R A
X X L
t SO
X X
R R
a
S
F
) 8 7 . 9 ( ln ln
2 2
= = =
X
X
AR
X L
R
R
AR
X L
t SO aX R
C
C
C S C
C
C S
F
FALLING RATE EXAMPLE
Shibata, H.; Iwao,
Y., Vacuum Drying
of Sintered Spheres
of Glass Beads,
Ind. Eng. Chem.
Res.; 1999; 38(9);
3535-3542
FALLING RATE EXAMPLE
Carmen Rossello, Jaime Canellas, Susana Simal, Angel Berna, Simple mathematical model
to predict the drying rates of potatoes, J. Agric. Food Chem.; 1992; 40(12); 2374-2378.