Dynamic Model for Full-Converter Wind

Turbines employing Permanent Magnet

Alternators






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INTRODUCTION
Full converter wind turbine (FCWT) employing a permanent
magnet alternator (PMA) becomes very popular due to the
combined advantage of (FCWT) and (PMA).
Advantages:

FCWT
Effectively decouples the generator from the grid, improving fault
response.
It allows the turbine to operate over a wide speed range, leading
to improved power extraction from the wind.




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PMA
No rotor windings, reducing excitation losses and
reducing the size of the generating unit.
Absence of rotor slip rings reduces maintenance
requirements.
Due to the above advantage the popularity of FCWTs has
increased and led to a search for reliable models to
evaluate the impacts of integrating these FCWTs into the
existing grid.

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MODEL DEVELOPMENT
Wind turbines can be thought of as a collection of
subsystems which can be modeled individually.
It consists:
A. Aerodynamic model for rotor
B. Mechanical two-mass model for drive train
C. Reference power calculation block
D. Pitch controller
E. Permanent magnet Alternator (PMA) model
F. Rectier and buck/boost converter models (for DC link voltage
control)
G. Inverter model(Current controlled)
H. Unit transformer and grid representation
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Fig. 1. Full Converter Wind Turbine Schematic
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A. AERODYNAMIC MODEL FOR ROTOR
Consists of three subsystem :
Tip-speed ratio calculation(
r
), rotor power coefficient (Cp
) calculation, and aerodynamic torque calculation.

where
rot
is the rotor angular speed in
rad/s, R is the rotor radius in m and V
wind
is
the wind speed in m/s.
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A look-up table method is used to compute the value for
C
p
where
r
and pitch angle () are the inputs provided.

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B. MECHANICAL TWO-MASS MODEL FOR DRIVE TRAIN
The drive train of a wind turbine generally consists of
turbine rotor, low speed rotor shaft, gearbox with
transmission ratio , high speed shaft of the generator
and the generator itself.
Two mass model is used to represent the drive train.

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C. REFERENCE POWER CALCULATION BLOCK
The reference power calculation is based on user dened
wind speed, as shown below

Fig. 4. Reference power calculation block
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D. PITCH CONTROLLER
The pitch control block (Fig. 6) changes blade pitch angle at
higher than rated wind speeds to spill excess power.
Thus power output is maintained at rated value even though
wind speed exceeds rated wind speed. In this particular
implementation, reference power is per unitized and converted
to reference speed based on the curve shown on look-up table
in Fig. 5,







Fig. 5. Look-up table for converting reference power to reference
speed

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Fig. 6. Pitch controller
A built-in squirrel cage or wound rotor induction machine
model available in any dynamic simulation software is
used for the model. The machine is rated at 2 MVA, 3.6
kV at 60 Hz.
E. Permanent magnet alternator
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F. AC TO DC CONVERSION USING RECTIFIER AND
BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER
A 3-phase diode bridge converts PMA output to a variable DC
voltage. The buck-boost converter maintains the DC link at a
constant 3.6 kV.
The DC link capacitor is modeled as two identical 10000 F
capacitors with ground in between. The value of inductance
employed in the buck-boost converter is 10000 H
The controller for the buck-boost converter is shown below.
This controller is based on PI control; error between the
desired voltage set point (3.6 kV here) and the actual voltage
drives the PI controller and generates a duty signal output.
The duty is compared to a triangle wave to generate ring
signals for the IGBT in the buck/boost converter.





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G. DC TO AC CONVERSION USING CURRENT-CONTROLLED
INVERTER
The inverter implemented here (controls shown in Fig. 8) is a typical
three-phase six-IGBT current controlled inverter. It is capable of
decoupling real and reactive power control, since the controller
design for this inverter is based on ux-vector theory.

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H. UNIT TRANSFORMER AND GRID
REPRESENTATION
The unit transformer and grid are both modeled using in-
built blocks supplied by PSCAD/EMTDC. The unit trans-
former is a wye-delta 2MVA transformer with a primary
voltage of 34.5 kV and a secondary voltage of 0.6 kV,
and a per unit leakage reactance of 0.1 p.u.
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MODEL TESTING
The model testing phase is essential to evaluate the
capabilities of the model. The model testing phase
had three main objectives:
To verify that desired wind turbine power curve was
achieved
To demonstrate independent real and reactive
power control
To demonstrate pitch controller action
To evaluate real and reactive power response
during voltage sag on the grid (test of dynamic
response)
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A. POWER CURVE
The sharp edges are smoothened by adjusting Rated power is
thus achieved at 14 m/s rather than 13 m/s.
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B. INDEPENDENT REAL AND REACTIVE
POWER CONTROL
In order to test if independent real and reactive power control
has been achieved, two tests were carried out: real power
drop and reactive power rise.
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C. PITCH CONTROL
A test was devised to evaluate pitch controller
action. The wind speed changed from 11 m/s to 15
m/s at t=25s.
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D. REAL AND REACTIVE POWER RESPONSE
DURING VOLTAGE SAG ON THE GRID
The wind turbine was operated with a constant wind
speed (15 m/s) so that the pitch controller is active.
A voltage sag on the grid was simulated, and the
real and reactive power response of the wind
turbine was observed.
The intent of the test is to show that the model does
indeed respond to events occurring in the dynamic
timescale and that the response of the machine to
this event is realistic. And result shows that the
model does indeed respond to the grid event as
expected.
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CONCLUSION

The development and testing of a full converter
wind turbine employing a permanent magnet
alternator has been presented here.
This model is unique in that it employs a buck-boost
converter to control DC link voltage.
All the desired output are achieved from the tests.
An example of the models dynamic response has
also been provided.
In the future, the model will be used as a platform to
model various controls such as those needed to provide
LVRT(low voltage ride through) and inertial support
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Thank you for your attention
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