Wind Power Systems

Course 1
Introduction
The resource -72 TW. World need 15 TW/2000
Wind potential map at 80 m (source Standford University)
Resursele de vnt ale Romniei la 50 m inaltime
pentru diferite condiii topografice
> 6.0 > 250
5.0-6.0 150-250
4.5-5.0 100-150
3.5-4.5 50-100
< 3.5 < 50
> 7.5 > 8.5 > 9.0 > 11.5 > 500 > 700 > 800 > 1800
6.5-7.5 300-500 400-700 600-800 1200-1800
200-300 250-400 400-600 700-1200
100-200 150-250 200-400 400-700
5.5-6.5
7.0-8.5 8.0-9.0 10.0-11.5
4.5-5.5
6.0-7.0
5.0-6.0
7.0-8.0
5.5-7.0
8.5-10.0
7.0-8.5
< 4.5 < 5.0 < 5.5 < 7.0 < 100 < 150 < 200 < 400
m/s m/s m/s m/s m/s W/m
2
W/m
2
W/m
2
W/m
2
W/m
2
Dealuri si podisuri Terenuri plate Zona litorala Mare deschisa Montana inalta

1. A brief history of the development of wind energy from
antiquity until today
Since antiquity, mankind has been using wind energy; it
is thus not a new idea. For centuries, windmills and
watermills were the only source of motive power for a
number of mechanical applications, some of which are
even still used today.
Humans have been using wind energy in their daily work
for some 4,000 years. Sails revolutionized seafaring,
which no longer had to make it with muscle power.
In 1700 B.C., King Hammurabi of Babylon used wind
powered scoops to irrigate Mesopotamia.
First details about horizontal axis windmills are found in
historical documents from Persia, Tibet and China
(horizontal shaft and blades revolving in the vertical
plane).
The first horizontal axis windmill appeared in England
around 1150, in France in 1180, in Flanders in 1190, in
Germany in 1222 and in Danmark in 1259.
By the end of the nineteenth century, the typical
European windmill used a rotor of 25 meters in diameter,
and the stocks reached up to 30 meters.
Windmills were used for grindring grain and also for
pumping water to drain lakes and marshes.
By 1800 in Netherlands 90% of the power used in
industry was based on wind energy.
Industrialization led to a gradual decline in windmills, but
in 1940 wind energy still provide 11% of the Dutch
industrial energy.
When the European windmills slowly started to
disappear, they were introduced by settlers in North
America (reached it peak between 1920 and 1930).
2. The development of modern wind turbines since around
1900
But the wind turbines that generate electricity today are new
and innovative.
Their success story began with a few technical innovations:
- the use of synthetics to make rotor blades,
- developments in the field of aerodynamics,
- mechanical/electrical engineering,
- control technology,
- power electronics .
They all provide the technical basis for wind turbines
commonly used today!
In 1891, Poul la Cour of Denmark developed the first wind
turbine that generated direct current.
Danish engineers improved the technology during World Wars
1 and 2, the wind turbines by the Danish company F.L. Smidth
built in 1941-42 can be considered forerunners of modern
wind turbine generators. The Danish philosophy was based on
an upwind rotor with stall regulation, operating at slow speed.
In 1958, Johannes Juul (pupil of Poul la Cour) developed the
"Danish Concept," which allowed alternating current to be fed
to the grid for the first time. This concept very quickly won
over. Today, almost half of all wind turbines operate according
to this principle.
At the same time, the German Hutter developed a new
approach: two slender fibreglass blades mounted downwind of
the tower on a teetering hub (high efficiency).


With the oil crises at the beginning of the 1970s, the
interest in wind power generation returned.
In the 1980s, the Danes developed small turbines with a
nominal output of 20 kW to 100 kW. Thanks to state
subsidies, these turbines were set up on farms and on
the coast to provide distributed power, with the excess
power not consumed locally being fed to the power grid.

3. Current status of wind power
- 27.1 GW of wind power capacity installed globally in 2008, reaching at a total of 121
GW by the end of 2008.
The global annual market for wind turbines increased by 37% in 2008, following grouth of 31%
both in 2006 and 2007, and 40% in 2005.
Over the past four years, the global annual market has more than tripled from 8.3 GW in 2004
to 27.1GW in 2008.

All around the world wind energy is developing rapidly, and following the same
development as conventional power sources in the past.
Despite much hype about a global nuclear energy revival, there is little market
evidence to support it.
Wind energy and the EU
member states
Germany (24 GW) and
Spain (17 GW) continue to
be Europes undisputed
leaders, in terms of total
installed wind energy
capacity.
In 2008, three large
countries: Italy (3.7 GW),
France (3.4 GW) and UK
(3.2 GW) overtook
Denmark (the third wind
energy pioneer country).
Wind energy and the EU member states
Germany, Spain and Denmark-the three pioneering countries, are
home to 67.5% of the installed wind power in the EU.



The growth of off-shore wind

With 1.5 GW by the end of 2008, offshore accounted
for 2.3% of installed EU wind energy capacity (up from
1.9% in 2007)
Wind energy capacity compared to country size
and population
The total wind
power capacity
installed at the
end of 2008 will
produce 4.1% of
the EU-27s
electricity
demand in a
normal wind year.
Wind power in
Denmark covers
more than 20% of
its total electricity
consumption,by
far the largest
share of any
country in the
world.
Five EU countries
- Denmark,
Spain, Portugal,
Ireland,and
Germany have
more than 5% of
their electricity
demand
produced by wind
energy.
Wind turbine development
Wind turbine development
Bigger and more
efficient
3.6-6 MW prototypes
running
(Vestas,GE,Siemens
Wind, Enercon)
2 MW WT are still
the best seller on
the market
Enercon GmbH Germany
General data
Wind turbine name : Enercon
E-126/6000
Nominal power : 6000 kW
Rotor diameter : 126 m
Hub height: 136 m
Turbine concept: Gearless,
variable speed, variable pitch
control.
Analizarea randamentului global al unui sistem de producere a
energiei electrice bazat pe turbin eolian i microhidrocentral
Schema lanului de conversie energetic pentru modelul considerat
GS MA
Pompa
Q
bh
P
et
Q
th
CV
GS
Turbina
eoliana
v
P
0
P
s
Q
0
(t)
n modelul analizat turbina eolian este utilizat exclusiv pentru
pomparea apei n bazinul superior al centralei hidroelectrice.
Sistemul analizat este alctuit din trei
subsisteme:
turbina eolian cu generatorul sincron,
motorul asincron cu pompa centrifug,
sistemul de conducte al apei pompate i
bazinul superior de acumulare,
sistemul de evi, turbina hidraulic i
generatorul electric.
Considerm ca i putere de intrare cea a
volumului de aer Va, care se deplaseaz
cu viteza i care antreneaz turbina
eolian avnd aria efectiv A
R
:
(1.1)

Puterea generat de turbin difer de
puterea prin coeficientul de performan

3
0
2
w R
A P u

=
( )
0
3
,
2
P c A c P
p W R p W
= u |

=
(1.2)
valoarea maxim a lui Cp este 0,593 dar
din cauza pierderilor aerodinamice care
difer n funcie de construcia rotorului,
valoarea obtinut n practic pentru Cp
este mai mic, fiind cuprins ntre 0.4 i
0.5 pentru turbinele eoliene cu trei pale.
Arborele rotoric al generatorului sincron
este cuplat la turbina eolian prin
intermediul cutiei de viteze, pentru se
consider un randament de 0,98.
Se adopt pentru randamentul
generatorului sincron (cu putere mai mic
de 10 kV) valoarea de =0,85, dac puterea
este mai mare, randamentul poate ajunge
la 0.95.
Puterea generat la bornele generatorului
sincron, innd cont de randamentele
elementelor lanului de conversie
energetic, va fi:
0
P c P
GS CV p et
q q =
(1.3)
0 0
33 , 0 85 , 0 98 , 0 4 , 0 P P P
et
= =

(1.4)
La turaia nominal, randamentul pompei centrifuge
este de 80 % .
ST
q
Randamentul sistemului de transmisie al apei prin
conducte este de 80 %, atunci puterea necesar
pomprii apei n bazin este dat de relaia:

et ST PC MAS BH
P P q q q = (1.5)
0
P c P
ST PC MAS GS CV p BH
q q q q q =
(1.6)
Randamentul lanului conversiei
energetice necesar pomprii apei n
bazinul superior este dat de relaia:


100
0
= q
P
P
BH
BH
(1.7)
17 100 17 , 0 100 8 , 0 8 , 0 82 , 0 85 , 0 98 , 0 4 , 0 = = = q
BH
%
%