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Lecture Outline

Chapter 1
The Copernican
Revolution
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Chapter 1
The Copernican Revolution
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The Motions of the Planets
The Birth of Modern Astronomy
The Laws of Planetary Motion
Newtons Laws
Summary of Chapter 1
Units of Chapter 1
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The Sun, Moon, and stars all have simple
movements in the sky, consistent with an
Earth-centered system.
Planets:
Move with respect to
fixed stars
Change in brightness
Change speed
Have retrograde motion
Are difficult to describe
in earth-centered system
1.1 The Motions of the Planets
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1.1 The Motions of the Planets
A basic geocentric model, showing an
epicycle (used to explain planetary motions)
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1.1 The Motions of the Planets
Lots of epicycles
were needed to
accurately track
planetary motions,
especially retrograde
motions. This is
Ptolemy's model
(140 A.D).
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Aristarchus (310-230 B.C.) proposed
that all the planets including Earth
revolve around the Sun. Also that
Earth rotates on its axis once each
day.

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By 300 B.C., Aristotle presented naked-eye
observations for the Earths spherical shape.
How did he observe it?
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Non-Western Contributions
Islamic Contributions
Relied on celestial phenomena to set its religious
calendar
Created a large vocabulary still evident today
(e.g., zenith, Betelgeuse)
Developed algebra and Arabic numerals
Asian Contributions
Devised constellations based on Asian
mythologies
Kept detailed records of unusual celestial events
(e.g., eclipses, comets, supernova, and sunspots)
Eclipse predictions

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Copyright 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

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1.1 The Motions of the Planets
Copernican model of the solar system (at about
1500 A.D). A heliocentric (Sun-centered) model
of the solar system easily describes the
observed motions of the planets, without
excess complication.
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By 300 B.C., Aristotle
presented naked-eye
observations for the Earths
spherical shape
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1.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
In 1609 Galileo built a telescope for himself.
Observations of Galileo:
The Moon has mountains, valleys, and craters.
The Sun has imperfections, and it rotates.
Jupiter has moons.
Venus has phases.
All these were in contradiction to the general
belief that the heavens were constant and
immutable.
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1.2 The Birth of Modern Astronomy
The phases of
Venus are
impossible to
explain in the
Earth-centered
model of the
solar system.
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1. Planetary orbits are ellipses, Sun at one focus.
Keplers laws:
1.3 The Laws of Planetary Motion
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2. Imaginary line connecting Sun and planet
sweeps out equal areas in equal times.
Keplers laws:
1.3 The Laws of Planetary Motion
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3. Square of period of planets orbital motion
is proportional to cube of semimajor axis.
Keplers laws:
1.3 The Laws of Planetary Motion
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Question 12
Earth is closer to the Sun
in January. From this fact,
Keplers 2
nd
law tells us
a) Earth orbits slower in
January.
b) Earth orbits faster in
January.
c) Earths orbital speed
doesnt change.
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Earth is closer to the Sun
in January. From this fact,
Keplers 2
nd
law tells us
a) Earth orbits slower in
January.
b) Earth orbits faster in
January.
c) Earths orbital speed
doesnt change.
Keplers 2
nd
law means
that a planet moves faster
when closer to its star.
Faster
Slower
Question 12
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https://highered.mcgraw-
hill.com/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=swf::800::600::/si
tes/dl/free/0073512176/78778/Kepler_Nav.swf::Keple
rs%20Second%20Law%20Interactive


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Question 13
Keplers 3
rd
law relates a
planets distance from
the Sun and its orbital
a) speed.
b) period.
c) shape.
d) velocity.


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Keplers 3
rd
law relates a
planets distance from
the Sun and its orbital
a) speed.
b) period.
c) shape.
d) velocity.


Keplers 3
rd
law
P
2
= a
3

means more distant planets orbit
more slowly.
Question 13
Venus period = 225
days
Venus axis = 0.7
AU
Earths period = 365
days
Earths axis = 1.0
AU
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1.3 The Laws of Planetary Motion
The Dimensions of the solar system
The distance
from Earth to the
Sun is called an
astronomical unit.
Its actual length
may be measured
by bouncing a
radar signal off
Venus and
measuring the
transit time.
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Newtons laws of motion explain how objects
interact with the world and with each other.
Newtons first law:
An object at rest will remain at rest, and an object
moving in a straight line at constant speed will
not change its motion, unless an external force
acts on it.
1.4 Newtons Laws
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Newtons second law:
When a force is exerted on an object, its
acceleration is inversely proportional to its mass:
a = F/m
Newtons third law:
When object A exerts a force on object B, object
B exerts an equal and opposite force on object A.
1.4 Newtons Laws
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Gravity
On Earths surface,
the acceleration
due to gravity is
approximately
constant, and
directed toward the
center of Earth.
1.4 Newtons Laws
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Gravity
For two massive objects,
the gravitational force is
proportional to the
product of their masses
divided by the square of
the distance between
them.
1.4 Newtons Laws
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Gravity
The gravitational pull
of the Sun keeps the
planets moving in
their orbits.
1.4 Newtons Laws
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1.4 Newtons Laws
Massive objects actually orbit around their
common center of mass; if one object is
much more massive
than the other, the
center of mass is not
far from the center of
the more massive
object. For objects
more equal in mass,
the center of mass is
between the two.
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Keplers laws are a
consequence of
Newtons laws.
1.4 Newtons Laws
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Question 14
Newtons law of
gravity states that
the force between
two objects
a) increases with distance.
b) depends on the state of matter
(solid, liquid, or gas).
c) can be attractive or repulsive.
d) increases with mass.

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Question 14
Newtons law of
gravity states that
the force between
two objects
a) increases with distance.
b) depends on the state of matter
(solid, liquid, or gas).
c) can be attractive or repulsive.
d) increases with mass.

The attractive force of gravity
INCREASES with greater
mass, and DECREASES
QUICKLY with greater
distance.
The force doesnt depend on
the kind of matter.
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First models of solar system were
geocentric, but couldn't easily explain
retrograde motion.
Heliocentric model does.
Galileo's observations supported
heliocentric model.
Kepler found three empirical laws of
planetary motion from observations.
Summary of Chapter 1
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Laws of Newtonian mechanics explained
Keplers observations.
Gravitational force between two masses is
proportional to the product of the masses,
divided by the square of the distance
between them.

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ion/ncananim.htm
Summary of Chapter 1, cont.