ATOMIC BONDING IN SOLIDS

SCIMATP LECTURE 2-1

OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION
Atomic Models
Bohr Model
Wave-Mechanical model

Atomic Bonding

Types of Chemical Bonds
Ionic Bonding
Covalent Bonding
Nonpolar
Polar
Metallic Bonding
Physical Properties
arising from these bonds
Metallic
Ionic
Covalent
ATOMIC MODELS
ATOMIC MODELS BOHR MODEL
Electrons move in discrete orbits around the nucleus
Energy is quantized

ATOMIC MODELS BOHR MODEL
Electrons move in discrete orbits around the nucleus
Energy is quantized

ATOMIC MODELS BOHR MODEL
Electrons fill lower energy states first before filling the higher
energy states

ATOMIC MODELS WAVE MECHANICAL MODEL
Electron behaves like a wave and a particle

PARTICLE VS. WAVE?
ATOMIC MODELS WAVE MECHANICAL MODEL
Electron behaves like a wave and a particle
Instead of orbits, we have electron clouds
Electrons position is described in terms of
probability

COMPARISON OF BOHR AND
WAVE-MECHANICAL MODEL
ATOMIC BONDING
WHY DO ATOMS BOND?
ENERGY VS SEPARATION DISTANCE
term used to describe the linkages between atoms joined
together to form molecules or crystals
form when electrons can be simultaneously near two or
more nuclei.

CHEMICAL BOND
ILLUSTRATING CHEMICALS BONDS
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDS
IONIC BONDS
Found in compounds that are composed of both
metallic and nonmetallic elements.
Atoms either lose or gain electrons
Octet rule
The attractive bonding forces are coulombic
The (+) and (-) ions attract each other


COVALENT BONDS
Atoms share electrons instead of gaining or losing
them.
Mostly nonmetals, as well as semiconductors,
exhibit this bond

NONPOLAR COVALENT BONDS

when electrons are shared equally
Same atoms are involved

O
2
, H
2
, or Cl
2
POLAR COVALENT BONDS

when electrons are shared but shared unequally
different atoms
the more electronegative atom will have a stronger
attraction, and will acquire a slightly negative
charge



H
2
O

POLAR COVALENT BONDS

The existence of partial charges means that a polar
covalent bond behaves as if it were partially ionic
There is no sharp distinction between ionic and
covalent bonds

METALLIC BONDS

found in metals and their alloys
Electron sea model
Unlike the two previous bonding types, valence
electrons are not bound to any particular atom
Electrons are free to roam to other atoms
Can be thought of as ion cores (i.e. atomic nuclei and
nonvalence electrons) immersed in a sea of electrons

METALLIC BONDS

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ARISING
FROM THESE BONDS
COVALENT BONDS

Found in some polymeric materials and other
elemental solids such as carbon, silicon, and
germanium, as well as other ceramics.

Usually nonconductive (electricity and heat)
No free electrons unlike metallic bonds

Can be very weak (e.g. bismuth, which melts at
270
o
C) or very strong (e.g. diamond, which melts at
temperatures greater than 3550
o
C.)

METALLIC BONDS

Found in metals
Bonding may be weak or strong
energies range from 68 kJ/mol (0.7 eV/atom) for
mercury to 850 kJ/mol (8.8 eV/atom) for tungsten.
Good conductors of heat and electricity
Due to free or delocalized electrons
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
METALLIC BONDS

Ductility and malleability
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcXMIzprd14

IONIC BONDS

Mostly found in ceramics
Insulators (heat and electricity)
No delocalized electrons
High melting temperatures (strong ionic bonds)
Hard but brittle


IONIC BONDS


SUMMARY

Atomic Models
Bohr Model
Wave-Mechanical model

Atomic Bonding
Nature is inherently lazy.



SUMMARY

Types of chemical bonds
Covalent polymers and carbon
Metallic metals
Ionic ceramics

Physical Properties arising from these bonds
REFERENCES

Callister, William Jr. (2005) Materials Science and
Engineering: An Introduction (7th Ed.), John Wiley
and Sons, Inc.
Castillon, Gwen B. (2013) Classification of
Materials. A powerpoint presentation
Scullion, Frank. (2012). Explaining why metals are
both malleable and ductile, retrieved June 11, 2013
from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v.=lcXMIzprd14