ENVIRONMENTAL

IMPACTS
BY:
AZIM, PIJAN, AFIQ, FAIZ, HAZIQ, EVA,
MIA, SYAMIRA, LYANA
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM
AND ENVIRONMENT
Three aspects of tourism-environment relationship :-
Many features of the physical environment are attractions
for tourists.
Tourist facilities and infrastructure constitute one aspect of
the built environment.
Tourism development and tourist use of an area generate
environmental impacts.

Approach to tourism planning :-
Environmental approach
Applying integrated planning strategies
Adopting policies to reduce extreme seasonality of tourism
use
Carefully organizing and controlling visitor use of tourist
attractions





RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TOURISM
AND ENVIRONMENT
Three types of related environmental concerns in developing
tourism
Prevention or control of environmental impact generated
The need for continuous management of the
environmental resources for tourism
Maintenance and where necessary, improvement of the
overall environmental quality of the tourism areas
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
POSITIVE IMPACTS
Conservation of important natural areas (national parks, marine parks)
Conservation of archeological and historic sites and architectural
character (Malacca, Penang)
Improvement of environmental quality
Enhancement of the environment (attractive hotels, visitor attractions)
Improvement of the infrastructure (roads, telecommunications)
Increasing environmental awareness (observing the tourist)
TYPES OF ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACTS
NEGATIVE IMPACTS
Water pollution (improper sewage disposal system for hotels, resort
etc)
Air pollution (combustion vehicles, carbon emissions)
Noise pollution (airplanes, motor boats, amusement parks)
Visual pollution (poorly designed hotels, other tourist facilities, ugly
advertising signs)
Waste disposal problems (littering of debris; picnicking)
Ecological disruption (erosion, trees being cut by hikers)
Environmental hazards (mud slides, floods and avalanches due to
poor land use planning)
Damage to archaeological and historic sites (graffiti, vandalism)
Land use problem (hotel too close to beaches, urban sprawl)
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Consideration of overall environmental quality includes not only
control of the environmental impacts from tourism development but
also minimizing all types of environmental problems in tourism areas

The environmental quality of tourism areas should be evaluated
according to certain factors as part of initial surveys of the tourism
area
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED DURING THE SURVEY:
Air quality
Quality of domestic water supply
Quality of underground water
Noise level
Cleanliness of public places
Landscaping
Building design and maintenance
ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
Urban design
Signs
Functional land use and transportation patterns
Congestion levels
Open space, parks and conservation areas
Scenic views
Environmental diseases
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND IMPACT
CONTROL MEASURES

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES
Use tourism basic approach as a technique for environmental
conservation and maintenance of overall environmental quality
A physical planning technique that has been emphasized is to
concentrate tourist facilities in certain areas
Saturation levels and overloading of the environment and infrastructure
occurs only during seasonal peak tourist use periods
Apply the concept of modeling to protect fragile archaeological and
historic sites from excessive visitor use.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND IMPACT
CONTROL MEASURES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES (TECHNIQUE)
Installation of water supply and sewage disposal systems
Development of electric power systems
Use of proper solid waste disposal techniques
Construction of adequate drainage systems
Development of adequate road and other transportation systems
Provision of open space and parks and generous use of suitable
landscaping
Application of land use zoning regulations with suitable development
standards and good site planning principles
Careful management of visitor flows and, application of visitor use
controls at natural and cultural tourist attractions

ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND
IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONTROL MEASURES
(TECHNIQUE)
Application of suitable architectural design standards and use
of building materials for all structures
Prevention of linear commercial development along roads and
shorelines
Application of appropriate design standards and control of the
location and size of the signs
Requirement for undergrounding of utility lines in tourism
areas
Control of littering through tourist and general public education
and placement of litter receptacles
Proper maintenance of tourist vehicles
Establishment of control on ship bilge cleaning operations and
dumping of garbage
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT (EIA APPROACH)
The EIA format will vary from one place to another, but typically it
includes social and economics factors
Very useful technique to ensure that environmental impacts of
proposed projects have been taken into consideration with
preventive and necessary adjustment
Likely to use the environmental planning approach to avoid having
later modify to their plans
The approach to evaluation of environmental as well as sociocultural
impacts being widely utilized now is to view them as costs and
benefits
EIA MODEL
Environmental impact checklist:
Air pollution
Surface water pollution
Ground water pollution
Pollution of domestic water supply
Noise pollution
Solid waste disposal problem
Damage or destruction of flora and fauna
Ecological disruption and damage (land and water)

EIA MODEL
Land use and circulation problems within the project area
Land use and circulation problems generated by the project in
nearby areas
Pedestrian and vehicular congestion in general and a peak periods
Landscape aesthetic problems (building design landscaping, signs,
etc.)
Environmental health problems, such as malaria
Damage to specific important and attractive environmental features
Generation of erosion, landslides, and similar problems
Likelihood of damage to the project from natural environmental
hazards



END OF CHAPTER 12