WATER SOLUBLE

VITAMIN
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN

B-complex and vitamin C Due to water
soluble, thus:
easier to absorbed
excess will excreted through urine
reserve in small amount not toxic
having a tendency to deficient have to
be consumed every day

VITAMIN C [Ascorbic acid]

Vit. C is a hexose derivative, isolated in 1932
Moderate to damage due to heat, air, dried
and long time storage but stable in dry
condition (Freezer)

There are 2 forms of vitamin c :
Ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic
Food sources:
vegetables and fruits,
e.g.: guava, broccoli, orange,
tomato, kiwi and cabbage

In lower dose: 100% absorbed
- In higher dose, rate of
absorption: decreased
- Pectin and zinc both inhibit vit
C absorption

Role of vitamin C :
Required in collagen production, a fibrous
protein in connective tissue. Collagen is vital
to maintain: capilar wall, wound healing and
immunity towards infection.
Antioxidants which are covered the damage:
Vitamin A, E, PUFA and iron
Role of vitamin C in metabolism reaction
promotes non-heme iron absorption
to alter folacin active form
serotonin neurotransmitter production
tyroxin synthesis
Ca absorption and ca dental deposit

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
of Vitamin C :

Adult : 60 mg.
Pregnancy : + 20 mg
Lactating : + 20 mg
Demand will increase on : smokers, fever, Stress,
alcoholic, infection, burn and coffee drinkers
Vitamin C intake in high dose still become
controversy Adrenal gland stores vit. C (limited)

Vitamin C deficiency
Collagen synthesis disorder, symptoms:
Swelling gum and gingival bleeding
Blood spot due to broken capilar, haemorrhagic
manifestations
Softening of bone matrix, pain and easily broken
Swelling wrist
Susceptible due to infection
Delayed wound healing
Management: supplementation of vit. C 100
mg/day for 5 days

Vitamin C toxicity
Generally non-toxic
In mega dose might occurs:
* excessive iron absorption
* abdominal cramps and diarrhea

VITAMIN B COMPLEX
1897, Eijkman observed that bran layer of rice
could prevent beriberi in birds.
Since that, there were found various
compounds which have similar sources and
functions in metabolism.
The group of compounds then were named
Vit. B complex: B
1
, B
2
, Niacin (B
3
), B
6
, folic
acid, B
12
, pantothenic acid and biotin.
THIAMIN
Damage or reduce due to processing,
overcook and in alkaline condition.
Dietary vitamin B
1
sources:
bran layer of the grain, inner organs, egg,
milk, green-leafy vegetables and fruits. Nuts
and potatoes if consumed in large amount.

Role of vitamin B
1

As a structure of active coenzyme form,
thiamin pyrophosphat (TPP). Vital for energy
producing reactions in glycolisis
Coenzyme in protein and lipid metabolism
Physiological nerve function

RDA of B
1
: 0,5-0,6 mg/1000 Kkal

Heart and brain hold a small amount of B
1
Excessive intake will excreted through urine
B1 deficiency symptoms occur after 3 weeks
low B
1
diet

Vitamin B
1
, deficiency especially
occur on:

Alcoholic: low B
1
intake and inhibition in
absorption and metabolism
Excessive CH intake
B
1
absorption and metabolism inhibition drug:
antacid: damaging B
1

barbiturat: inhibits inhibition
merkuri diuretic: increase excretion

Vit B
1
deficiency produces a
disease called beriberi
Symptoms: anorexia, muscle weakness,
fatigue, nausea, vomitting, peripheral &
central neuropathy, depression, etc.

Beriberi classification:
Dry: predominant features are peripheral
neuropathy
Wet: in addition to peripheral neuropathy, other
common signs include edema, tachycardia and
congestive heart failure
Cerebral: also called Wernicke-Korsakoff
syndrome, encephalopathy is based on triad of
ocular motor signs,ataxia and derangement of
mental functions
Infantile: loud piercing dry, cyanosis, dyspnea,
vomiting, tachycardia and cardiomegaly

RIBOFlAVIN [VITAMIN B
2
)

As coenzyme:
Flavin Adenin Dinucleotide (FAD)
Flavin Adenin Mononucleotide (FAM)
which are vital for energy yielding in respiratory
chain reactions.

Found in 1879
Stable due to heat, acid and oxidation.
Unstable due to light
Found in several food but contain in small
amount.
Main source:
milk & diary products, inner organs, meat, egg
and green-leafy vegetables.
Produces by intestine microorganism in small
amount.



Function of B
2
(FAD dan FMN)

Energy metabolism
DNA and protein synthesis
Vitamin B
6
activation
Conversion of folacin into active form
Corticosteroid synthesis
Production of erytrocyt
Gluconeogenesis
Regulates tyroid activation

RDA of B
2
: 0,6 mg/1000 Kcal
Store in liver and renal in small amount
B
2
surplus will exreted via urine
Increase excretion of B
2
in Protein-Energy
Malnutrition.
Signs of B
2
deficiency will occur after several
months lacking vitamin B
2


B
2
deficiency usually occurs in:

Female
Alcoholic
Geriatric
Malabsorption syndrome
Drugs user : amitryptilin, chloramphenicol,
chlorpromazin, probenecid

Signs of B
2
deficiency:
mouth lession , sore throat, dermatitis,
sensitive due to light, red eye & itchy
Cheilosis, angular stomatitis, glossitis, edema
of the pharyngeal and oral mucous
membranes.

NIACIN/NICOTlNIC ACID,
NICOTINAMID

Niacin relatively stable due to:
Heat, oxidation, light, acid and alkaline.
Decreasing due to several proceses:
preservation, cooking and storage.

Sources: Tenderloin, inner organs, fish, cheese
and nuts.
Niacin is made up from tryptophan in the
body, tryptophan comes from dietary protein
60 mg tryptophan 1 mg niacin

function: as a coenzyme element: NAD
(Nicotinamid Adenin Nucleotide) and NADP
(NAD-Phosphat) which influencing

oxidation reaction and energy release from
carbohydrate, protein and fat
Glycogenesis
Fatty acid, cholesterol and steroid hormone
synthesis

RDA = 6,6 NE/1000 Kcal
Niacin Equivalen (NE) = Niacin from niacin itself
and from tryptophan.

Niacin deficiency Pellagra
Population with diet based on corn, alcoholic
and stress.

Signs: Anorexia, apathy, weakness,
malabsorption and skin lession, followed bay
classic 4 D symptoms :,.
Dermatitis, bilateral and simetris
Diarrhea
Dementia, depression
Death

Management: 150 - 600 mg
Nicotinic acid and nicotinamid.



Niacin toxicity :
Flushing and itchy face
Nausea, vomitting, diarrhea, hypotension,
tachycardia, black out, hypoglycemia and
liver damage.

Premedication of Niacin:
Management of pellagra, cholesterol and
schizophrenia (Mega dose)
INH (TBC drug) wil disrupt vitamin B
6
which
playa role in tryptophan convertion to niacin
VITAMIN B6

Stable due to heat, light and oxidation
3 groups: > Pyridoxine (plants)
> Pyridoxal dan
> Pyridoxamine (animals)
Sources: inner organs, egg yolk, bran layer of
grains, vegetables and produce by intestine
microorganism.
function:
coenzyme element
Pyridoxal Phosphat (PLP) and
Pyridoxamine Phosphat playa role on : .;t.
energy metabolism of protein and amino acid

Conversion of tryptophan niacin
GABA synthesis which inhibits
neurotransmitter in the brain
Heme formation Hb
Fatty acid metabolism
Myelin synthesis
Immune function

RDA of B6 : 0,02 mg/1 protein

Store in the body in minor amount
Increasing demand in drug user:
ACTH, chloramphenicol, cyclocerin, diuretic,
INH, oral contraception.

Vitamin B6 deficiency :
Seldom occurs primary but
Secundary due to :
Malabsorbstion syndrome
Alcoholic
Drugs interaction
B6 metabolism disorder GABA
synthesis disorder mental retardation
and convulsion

Symptoms of B6 deficiency :

Depression, nausea, vomitting, dizzy,
dermatitis, decrease body weight, brain
disorder and cheilosis
B6 toxicity occurs in dose > 500 mg

FOlIC ACID [ FOLACIN ]
Damage due to heat and oxidation
Dietary sources: green vegetables, inner
organs, milk, egg, nut and fruits.
Synthesized by intestine microorganism.

Function

Folacin altered to active form of coenzyme,
tetrahidrofolic acid, by interaction with vitamin
B
12

Playa role on :
cell proliferation
erytrhocyte & leucocyte formation and
maturation
amino acid metabolism
enzyme synthesis

RDA oi Folacin:
400 microgram
Incrase in pregnancy, lactacy, alcoholic,
malarbsorption syndrome and stress
Store in liver for 4-5 months
Folacin deficiency occurs in:
inadequate intake, alcoholic and elderly
increasing demand during growth
malabsorption in alcoholic and
anticonvulsant drugs user
metabolism alteration (alcoholic)
infected by parasites

Clinical signs
Macrocytic or megaloblastic anemia
Diarrhea, decreas BW, glossitis, weakness,
fatigur and palor

Toxicitv :
disrupt anticonvulsant drugs metabolism
VITAMIN B
12
[Cobalamin]
Stable due to cook
Source:
Acquired from animals and kacang tempe
Produce by colon microorganism in small
amount but unable to absorbed.
B12 absorption: merging with stomach
secretion intrinsic factor
Site of absorption: terminal of ileum

Function:

Physiologic function in intestine cells, bone
marrow and nerves used for:
RNA & DNA synthesis --> erythrocyte growth
and maturation
myelin formation
metabolism of carbohydrate, protein, lipid
and folic acid.

RDA of B
12
: 3 microgram
Children : 0,3 microgram
Excess of B
12
: store in liver and perform as
sufficient reserve for 5 - 6 months.
Vitamin B
12
deficiency might occurs due to
malabsorption.

B
12
deficiency occurs on :

Malabsorption as a result of :
aging, iron & B
6
deficiency, hipotiroidi,
malabsorption syndrome and ileum
resection.
Lack of intrinsic factor by reason of
gasterectomy.

Symptomps:

Weakness
Fatigue
Dyspneu
GIT disorders
Neural dysfunction
DNA & RNA synthesis disarray
glossitis, hypospermia and megaloblastic
anemia

PANTOTHENIC ACID

Stable because of heat and humid climate.
Unstable due to dry heat, acid, base and salt.

Source: dietary animals and plants,
especially on : liver, kidney, meat, chicken,
salmon, egg yolk, polished rice, potato,
broccoli, tomato and fresh vegetables.

Function: coenzyme A element, vital in
metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and
lipid

RDA: 4 - 7 mg/day or adult

Deficiency and toxicity rarely occur.
BIOTIN
Stable because of heat Unstable due to base
and oxidation; loss from diet as a result of
washing.

Source:
Protein-bound biotin found in : liver, inner
organs, nuts, egg yolk, milk and yeast
Free biotin water soluble, found in : nut,
cabbage, yeast, water melon and strawberry.
Produced by intestine microorganisms.

Function:
metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid
alteration of tryptophan --> niacin
glycogen formation
chemical reaction: adding and releasing CO
2

from substrate

RDA: 100 - 300 microgram