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Tomotika et al.,”The lift on a Flat Plate Placed Near a Plane Wall, with Special Reference
to the Effect of Ground Upon the Lift of a Monoplane Aerofoil,” Aeronautical Research Inst.,
Rept. 97, Tokyo Imperial Univ., Tokyo, Aug.1933(as reported in Pistolesi,1935)
Used the conformal mapping technique to obtain the exact solution for the flow around a flat plate
near ground.
Tan,C.H. and Plotkin,A.,”Lifting-Line Solution for a Symmetrical Thin Wing in Ground Effect., ”
AIAA Journal Vol.24, No.7.,1985.
For a symmetrical thin wing, a lifting-line solution is obtained and effect of thickness on lift was considered
in both the lifting-line and vortex-lattice formulations. For small values of h/c, the presence of the ground
introduces a nonlinearity in angle of attack much stronger than in infinite fluid problem.
Teruhiko,Kida and Yoshihiro, Miyai, “Jet-Flapped Wings in Very Colse Proximity
to the Ground.,”AIAA Journal Vol.10, No.5.,1971.
The method of matched asymptotic expansions is applied to the problem of jet-flapped wings of finite span
in very close proximity to the ground. For linearization, angle of attack and jet deflection are assumed to
be smaller than the ratio of the ground clearance to the root chord. This study treats the flow in the confined
region beneath the wing and jet sheet with a 2-D channel flow with known boundaries and mass addition, coming
from the boundary condition of the flow tangency.
Timothy M. Barrows and Sheila E.Windall,”Optimum Lift-Drag Ratio for Ram Wing Tube
Vehicle, ” AIAA Journal 1970.
Munk’s theorem specifying the downwash condition for minimum drag is generalized to include lifting surfaces
operating in proximity to solid boundaries. By developing a method for finding optimum lift distribution on a wing
and extending it to the case of finding optimum configuration for a ram wing in a tube, this study concludes that
the ram wing concept looks very promising as a method of supporting vehicles in a tube.
Qian-Xi Wang, ”Flow around an unsteady thin wing close to curved ground,”
J. Fluid Mech. Vol.226, pp. 175-187., 1985.
The method of matched asymptotic expansions is applied to the flow analysis of a 3-D thin wing
moving uniformly in very close proximity to a curved ground surface. Flow above the wing is reduced to a direct
problem, and the flow beneath it appears to be a 2-D channel flow. An equivalence is found between the extreme
curved-ground effect and the corresponding flat-ground effect, which can be treated by the image method.
Tuck,E.O.,”Nonlinear extreme ground effect on thin wings of arbitrary aspect ratio,”
J. Fluid Mech. Vol.136, pp.73-84.,1983.
Nonlinear problem from nonlinear gap was studied.A semi-numerical solution for a wing of circular
planform was given. In the special case of an exponentially varying clearance, it is possible
to write down a solution in the form of a Bessel-function expansion, and good accuracy is
achievable by truncating this series to a small number of terms.
Tuck,E.O.,”A nonlinear unsteady one-dimensional theory for wings in extreme ground
effect.,”J. Fluid Mech. Vol.98, pp.33-47.,1980.
Flow induced by a body moving near a plane wall is analyzed. The gap-flow problem in the case of unsteady
motion is reduced to a nonlinear first-order ordinary differential equation in the time variable.
As an illustration of the unsteady theory, the problem is solved of a flat plate falling toward the ground
under its own weight, while moving forward at uniform speed.
Sheila E Widnall and Timothy M. Barrows,”An analytic solution for two- and three-dimensional
wings in ground effect,” J. Fluid Mech. Vol.41, pp.769-792.,1970.
The method of matched asymptotic expansions is applied to the problem of a wing of finite span in very close
proximity to the ground. The lifting surface problem is shown to be a direct problem, represented by a source-
sink distribution on the upper surface of the wing and the wake, with concentrated sources around the leading
and trailing edges plus a separate confined channel flow region under the wing and wake. An expression for the lift
at small clearance at small clearance and angle of attack, valid for moderate aspect ratio, is derived.
Numerical Study - Panel Method
2-Dimensional
A.O. Nuhait and D.T.Mook,” Numerical Simulation of Wings in Steady and Unsteady
Ground Effects,” J. Aircraft.Vol.26, No.12, pp.1081-1089.,1989.
A numerical simulation of steady and unsteady ground effect is developed. The simulation is
based on the general unsteady vortex-lattice method and computed results are compared with limited exact
solutions and experimental data. This study showed the influences of various parameters on the aerodynamic
coefficients for both steady and unsteady flows.
Generally aerodynamic coefficients increase with proximity to the ground, the greater the sink rates
the greater the increases. Increasing the aspect ratio increases both the steady and unsteady ground effects
for both rectangular and delta planforms.
Ray Chung Chang and Vincent U. Muirhead,”Effect of Sink rate on Ground Effect
of Low-Aspect-Ratio Wings,” J. Aircraft.Vol.24, No.3,pp.176-180.,1987.
An experimental investigation of dynamic ground effect was conducted using delta wings of 60-,70-, and
75-deg sweep, the XB-70 wing, and the F-104A wing. Both static and dynamic tests were made at a Reynolds
number of 700,000.
Toyohiko Kono, Yasuaki Kohama and Nobuaki Matsui, ”Stability of Guide Way Type
Wing in Ground Effect Vehicle,” Proceedings of the third JSME-KSME Fluids
Engineering Conference, July 25-27, 1994,Sendai, Japan.
Aerofoil interference and dynamics of tandem was investigated. Numerical investigation is introduced to find
out an optimum wing profile. The condition when chord and attack angle of front wing is bigger, stability of
the system is more stable.