It is a process of stimulating people to action to
accomplish desired goals. It is the set of forces that cause people to behave in certain ways. Motivation is the work that manager performs to inspire, encourage & implied people to take required action. Characteristics: Motivation is an internal feeling Motivation produces goal-directed behaviour Motivation can be either positive or negative Motivation means bargaining Motivation & Rewards Reward: A work outcome of positive value to the individual. Two types of rewards: Extrinsic reward: Provided by some one else. Motivational stimulus originates outside of the individual. Ex: Pay bonuses, promotions, time off, special assignments, awards, recognition, verbal praise.
Intrinsic rewards: Self-administered. Occurs naturally during job performance. The motivational stimulus is internal & does not depend on the actions of some other person. Ex: Feelings of competency, personal development, self-control people experience in their work.
Rewards & Performance Performance-contingent rewards Managers must understand: Respect diversity & individual differences Allocate rewards that satisfy the interests of both individuals & the organization. Content theories of motivation - understand human needs & response to different work situations. Process theories of motivation How people give meaning to rewards & then make decisions. Reinforcement theory of motivation focuses environment as a source of rewards. Hierarchy of Needs Theory Need: An unfulfilled physiological or psychological desire. Lower-order needs desires for social & physical well-being. Higher-order needs desires for psychological development & growth. Two principles to describe how needs affect human behaviour: Deficit principle Progression principle 1. Physiological 2. Safety 3. Social 4. Esteem 5. Self Actualization
Physiological Safety Esteem
Social SA Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Traditional View.
Dissatisfaction Satisfaction
{Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction are Opposite Ends of A Single Continum}
Herzbergs View Hygienes
Dissatisfaction Satisfaction
Motivators
No Satisfaction Satisfaction
Comparison of Maslow & Herzberg Models Hygienes Motivators Hygienes Self actualization Esteem Social Safety Physiological Differences Issue Maslow Herzberg 1. Type of theory Descriptive Perspective 2. The Satisfaction- performance relationship. Unsatisfied needs energise behaviour, this behaviour which cause performance. Needs cause performance. 3. Effect of need satisfaction performance A satisfied need is not a motivator A satisfied need is not a motivator; other satisfied needs are motivators. 4. Need order Hierarchy of needs No Hierarchy 5. Effect of pay Pay is a motivator if it satisfies needs Pay is not a motivator 6. Effect of needs All needs are motivators at various time Only some needs are motivators 7. View of motivation Macro view-deals with all aspects of existence Macro view-deals primarily with work-related motivation. 8. Workers levels Relevant for all workers Probably more relevant for white collar and professional workers.