MARY JANE D. TEPORA, Ph.D.

Professor
Local government is a form of public
administration which in a majority of
contexts, exists as the lowest tier of
administration within a given state.



The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government or national government.

Local Government as Political Subdivision
The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government or national government. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority.

Local government are subordinate
entities having no inherent powers and
look up to the higher governmental
level for delegation of authority.

Local Government as Territorial Subdivisions

The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government or national government.

Local governments have the territorial
boundary of their governance which is also
called geographic subdivisions.

Local government operates restricted
geographic areas dealing with those
matters which concerns the people living in
a particular locality.

Local Government Elements
The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government or national government. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority.

1. the presence of a higher authority

2. territorial boundary.

Local Government as Legal Authorities
Providing Services
The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government or national government. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority.

While local governments do not have
inherent powers, they do have legal
authority to exercise their powers. UN
qualifies that local government are
constituted by law and they possess the
rights and necessary organization to
regulate their own affairs.


Local Government as Legal Authorities
Providing Services
The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government or national government. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority. Local government are subordinate entities having no inherent powers and look up to the higher governmental level for delegation of authority.

The affairs are determined in each local
government unit by a body of officials who
are locally elected .

These officials determine the manner and
scope by which services can be provided for
the inhabitants of the area, within the
boundaries provided by law.
1. Layers of local authority


Within the subordinate local government
exists hierarchy of authority.

In many countries there are at least two tiers
of local government: the intermediate units
and basic units.
1. Layers of local authority


Intermediate units coordinate services in a larger
area and supervise lower levels of local
authorities. These are called provinces, regional or
metropolitan governments.

Basic units are those performing services for
people who live together in a community. These
are the cities and municipalities .

1. Layers of local authority


In the fewer countries, a lower and smaller form
of local government constitutes the sub-municipal
level typified by the barangays like in the
Philippines


The number of tiers depends on geography,
population, number of basic units and degree of
centralization.
1. Layers of local authority




The Philippines several layers may be
attributed to its geographic peculiarities,
centralist experience and the historical
basis of its barangays.
2. Field Organization and Local Government


Local government should not be confused with
field units of the national government.

Field offices perform specific governmental
functions in designated areas, and the nature of
their delegated function is through administrative
orders.


2. Field Organization and Local Government


Local governments perform a number of services
and the authority of their exercise is political in
nature. These political powers include the power
of legislation through locally elected councils
which also exercise the power of taxation.
3. Local Governments as Municipal Corporations

Local governments are municipal corporations. A
municipal corporation has governmental (public)
and private (corporate or propriety) functions.

In the Philippine context a local government performs dual
roles:
a. As an instrumentality of the national government
implementation of a national law within the local territory
b. As a local government enactment of local government
functions
FOUR TYPES OF
LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM

1. French Pattern
2. English Pattern
3. Soviet Pattern
4. Traditional Pattern

1. French Pattern

It is a type of local government system that
is hierarchical and centralized,
characterized by executive domination and
legislative subordination.

2. English Pattern

It is a type of local government system
that is decentralized, characterized by
legislative dominance



decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance

3. Soviet Pattern
It is a type of local government system
that is hierarchal but decentralized and
is led by one party.



decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance

4. Traditional Pattern

It is a type of local government system
by which powers are exercised by a
headman and a council of elders.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance

The Philippines has a French pattern

Local government system is a colonial
experience transplanted by Spain and
continued by America.

decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance
Local autonomy is the degree of self-
determination exercised by a local
government unit vis-a vis the national
government.

To attain local autonomy, necessary
prerequisite is decentralization.





decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance
Decentralization comes in two forms:

1. Deconcentration is administrative in nature
that involves the transfer of functions from the
national office to the regional and local offices.

2. Devolution - connotes political decentralization
or the transfer of powers from the national
government to local government units





decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance
Example: the Local Government Code of
1991 ( RA 7160) devolved to local
governments the administration of five basic
services heretofore conducted by the
national government health, agriculture,
maintenance of public works and highways,
social welfare and environment protection


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance
The Local Tax Code (PD 231) provided
local units the authority to impose taxes to
raise the revenues needed for their projects,
within the ambit of the law. On the other
hand, the BIR and the local treasury office is
deconcentrated the function of tax
collection.



decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance
An autonomous local government is one in
which has attained a measure of
concentration or devolution. This involves
greater taxing powers, as well as greater
prerogative to determine priorities in the
administration of certain services or the
earmarking of resources.
.



decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance
Ancient community governments are
headed by Datu who exercised
executive, legislative and judicial
powers, often consultation with a
Council of Elders.


EARLY TIMES


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance


Centralization became a weapon of the Spaniards in colonizing the
country.
- At first, they awarded parcel of lands to favored persons.

Later, they created cabildos (cities), pueblos (municipalities) and
provincias (provinces) which in ascending hierarchy, assisted the
Spaniards in Manila in fully colonizing the country.

The barangays were reduced into barrios and the Datus were
demoted into Cabezas de Barangay, whose only function was to
assist the higher levels of government in collecting tribute. Thus, the
sovereign and powerful barangays became the lowest rung in the
ascending order of governmental power.



Spanish Era


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance



While the Philippine Republic organized by
Aguinaldo and Mabini gave more attention to
local units, autonomy could not be given the local
governments because at that time, it was
important to retain the unity of the islands. Thus,
the centralization remained.

Declaration of Independence


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance




The Americans who robbed the Filipinos of victory against the
Spaniards continued the convenient system of centralization
introduced to the country by the Spaniards. Provincias were
renamed provinces, cabildos, cities, and pueblos
municipalities, keeping the hierarchical chain of command
from Manila undisturbed.

Centralism thrived in the Philippines for centuries under a
foreign imposition.

American Colonization


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





The Constitution of 1935 mentioned local
government in only one section: Art. VII Sec. 10
provided that the President shall exercise general
supervision over local governments as may be
provided by law.
In 1972, the President and the Congress
determined the relationship between the national
and local government by statutes and executive
orders and they were interpreted by the Courts in
ways befitting the temper of the times and those of
the justices.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





Martial Law from 1972 strengthened the
Presidents powers over local government. By
the Presidential Decree, President Marcos
created and abolished offices, rapidly changing
the relationship between the local and national
government.
After people power of 1986 , the national
government become more responsive to the
lower units of government.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





The 1987 Constitution provided for special
form of local government in response to ethnic
peculiarities in Muslim Mindanao and the
Cordillera s
Congress passed the Local Government Code
of 1991 which has far- reaching effects in
national- local relations because it provided
devolution of powers and services.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





Though there is Local Government Code of 1991, the
Philippines remain a UNITARY state. Local government are
still created by the national government.
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
First Local Government Code of 1983, provided criteria in
creating local units.
there were no criteria except 500 population in
creating a barrio. There were reported abuse of the
President and Congress in the usage of power of creation.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance






STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Local Government Code of 1991 now provides the
following criteria in creating local units.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CRITERIA
PROVINCE
At least 2,000 sq.km. land area
At least 250,000 population
At least P 20M income
CITY
At leasr 100 sq. km. land area
At least 150,000 population
At least P 20M income
Certified by Land Management Bureau, National Statistics Office , Department of Finance


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance






STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Local Government Code of 1991 now provides the
following criteria in creating local units.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CRITERIA
MUNICIPALITY
At least 50 sq. km. land area
At least 25,000 population
At least P 2.5 M income
Barangay
At least 2,000 population
At least 5,000 population ( Manila area)
Residents affected by the creation of local government
should approve the measure thru a plebiscite.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





TIERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

PROVINCE
Municipalities Component Cities
Barangays Barangays


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





OFFICIALS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
PROVINCE
Governor
Vice- Governor
Members of Sangguniang Panlalawigan
MUNICIPALITY
Mayor
Vice-Mayor
Members of Sangguniang Bayan



decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





OFFICIALS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS
CITY
Mayor
Vice-Mayor
Members of Sangguniang Pang Lungsod
BARANGAY
Barangay Captain
Members of Sangguniang PangBarangay.

All of them are elected for a three- year term


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNIT
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

President of the League of Barangay
President of Sangguniang Kabataan (youth council)
President of Federation of Sangguniang Members
3 Sectoral representatives women, workers, special sector
Vice Governor and Vice-Mayor are the presiding officer of
their respective Sanggunian.
There are also appointive officials ( CSC guidelines)


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





SERVICES

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

1. Agriculture
2. Health
3. Social welfare
4. Maintenance of public works and highways
5. Environment protection

Under the Code, all units are required to administer five basic services


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





FUNDS

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT


LGUs are authorized by law to imposed certain taxes to
support their activities .
Their main source of revenue is the INTERNAL
REVENUE TAX which is shared by the national
government with them
The Code raises their share of these taxes from 20 % to
40 %


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





FUNDS

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT


The code modifies the sharing schemes by providing for
the following:
Local government Unit Percent of sharing from tax
Municipality 34%
Cities 23%
Province 23%
Barangay 20%


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





FUNDS

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT


Internal Revenue allotment (IRA) are also divided
according to othercriteria:
Criteria Percent of IRA
Population 50%
Area 25%
In terms of Equal Sharing 25%


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





FUNDS

STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT


Local government imposed real property tax depending
on their assessment and collection efficiency. They also
tax business in their locality.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





SPECIAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT


ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
MMDA Metropolitan Manila Development Authority


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





SPECIAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT

ARMM Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao
-It is covered by RA 6734, an organic act that provides a
form of government which would respond to the needs in
the predominantly Muslim Areas.

-It provided for a governor and an assembly as well as a
Cabinet for the Muslim


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





SPECIAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS
STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF
PHILIPPINE LOCAL GOVERNMENT


MMDA Metropolitan Manila Development Authority
- It was established by RA 7024. The governing board
represent 17 cities and municipalities, President s of
vice-Mayors League and Metro Manila Councilors
League.
- Chairman of the Board is appointed by the President of
the Philippines
- Its functions are the metrowide services


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





GOVERNANCE DEFINED

Governance is the exercise of authority in the
organization.
PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE is expected to be
observe in the LGUs
This type of governance allows the stakeholders to
actively participate/ engage in the programs and
activities of the LGU. By allowing greater peoples
participation LGUs can provide services that are
responsive to the needs of their constituents which
are consistent with national policies.


decentralized, characterized by legislative dominance





GOVERNANCE DEFINED

Governance is the exercise of authority in the
organization.
PARTICIPATORY GOVERNANCE is expected to be
observe in the LGUs
This type of governance allows the stakeholders to
actively participate/ engage in the programs and
activities of the LGU. By allowing greater peoples
participation LGUs can provide services that are
responsive to the needs of their constituents which
are consistent with national policies.