CHAPTER 2

HUMAN BEHAVIOR AS A
SUBJECT MATTER

PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS IN
BEHAVIOR
Behavior depends upon physiological factors
as well as environmental factors.

Ruch (1969) defines behavior as the activities
or processes that can be observed objectively
such as the organizedpatterns of responses as
a whole.
INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES
An exciting aspect of working in the business world is
that a person encounters all kinds of people.
Some ways of detecting individual differences
in people are:
1.)listening attentively to their remarks or suggestion
2.)observing their behavior.
3.)conducting opinion and attitude surveys,
4.)using psycological test which are designed to
measure specific individual differences.
CAUSES OF INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
HEREDITY AND ENVIRONMENT

-Man has native as well as acquired characteristics.
-Heredity is defined as the transmission of
characteristics traits from parents to offspring
biologically through the genes.
-People are different from one another because
different parents have different physical and mental
characteristics.
MECHANICS OF HEREDITY
Life begins even before birth.It is said to begins with
the fertilization of the egg cell by the sperm cell.
Munn(1961)calls the union caused by the
penetration of the sperm cell from the male into the
ovum of the female ,fertilization.
The continuance of human life from generation to
generation is made possible through the passing of
specialized cells from parents to their children.
Determination of sex
Nature intended every man and woman to
have 46 chromosomes ,and 2 genesomes.
Each gene may in combination with another
gene , produce a variety of characteristics .
ORDINARY CELL DIVISION
One egg cell and one sperm cell unite to begin one
new human being.
The process of cell division continues and with each
new division ,the number of cells is doubled.
IDENTICAL AND FRATERNAL TWINS
When twins are developed from the same fertilized
ovum, they are said to be identical twins.
Fraternal twins develop simultaneously from the
fertilized ova and do not have the same set of genes.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

ENVIRONMENT-refers to all the condition outside the
living organism which influence its growth,development
,and behavior from the time it is conceived to the time it
dies.


2 kinds of environment wherein a persons personality may
be developed
a.)Prenatal environment- kinds of environment which
influence the individual before birth.
b.)Postnatal Environment- This is the environment after
birth.

HOME INFLUENCE- child is affected directly or
indirectly by the kind of home into which he is born
and reared through precept and example.parental
attitude toward the child is important.
NEIGHBOORHOOD INFLUENCE- The child
reaered in an urban community specially in
apartment houses of an overcrowded section.

SCHOOL EXPERIENCE- A childs entrance into school
is an experience which involves grave uncertainties.

TRAINING- is closely attached to environment and
includes all of the social ,educational, cultural and
moral and religious agencies with which the child
comes in contact.
EFFORT OF THE WIIL- BY MEANS OF THE
will,inherited capacities, are realized and intellectual
opportunities are utilized.

SEX- It is also frequently asserted that individual
differences may be attributed in part at least to sex.

THE SENSE ORGANS
Everything we know about this world comes to us
through our senses.
The senses tell us what is going on,It warn us of
danger and it also gives us pleasure.

THE SENSORY PROCESS
The senses of our body bring us our sensation ,and
make us feel harmony, weight, heat, cold, hunger,
thirst, weariness, and pain.
THE EXTERNAL SENSES AND INTERNAL ONES
VISUAL This sense is very high in cognitive value
because much of our knowledge of objective
sensible relations comes to us through the medium
of this sense.
AUDITORY The outer part which collects the sound
waves ,the middle ear where the small bones ,the
incus, the malleus and stapes are found,and the
inner ear where the cochlea and the semi circular
canals are found.

The cutaneous sense - is the most extensive of all
the external senses because it embraces a number of
powers which arethe sense of contact, sense of
pressure, and sense of pain.
The olfactory sense These cell acquire impressions
of odor from sensible realities.
The GUSTSTORY SENSE The organ for this sense is
tongue.the proper sensibility for this faculty is flavor,
but to be able to excite the organ of taste.
THE KINESTHETIC SENSE is the movement sense
,there are number of bodily movements.
THE STATIC SENSE it possible for us to know
whether we are falling or going up,side up or upside
down.
The oRGANIC SENSE - feeling of nausea or
stomach cramps are the feelings felt his sensation
SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
SENSATION- define as the conscious experience
immediately upon the stimulation of a sense organ or a
sensory nerve.
PERCEPTION awareness of external objects,
conditions, relationship as a result of sensory
stimulation.
CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PERCEPTION PROCESS
IT IS SELECTIVE
IT IS STRUCTURING OR PATTERNING PROCESS
IT CONTAINS MEANING
IT IS ADAPTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE
FACTORS AFFECTING PERCEPTIONS
ROLE OF THE SENSES ,INTELLEGENCE
CULTURE ,MOTIVES OR DRIVES
TRAINING ,INTEREST
SOCIAL FACTORS ,ATTITUDES
EMOTIONS