What type of thing would someone intelligent say? What type of thing would someone unintelligent say? Name 5 qualities about someone that would indicate intelligence. 2 Reasoning and Rationality 1-Formal Reasoning
2-Informal Reasoning
3-Reflective Judgment 3 Formal Reasoning It is the kind of thinking you find in an intelligence test. The information needed for reaching a solution is specified clearly. There is a single right or best answer. 4 Formal Reasoning 1-Algorithm A set of procedures guaranteed to produce a solution even if you dont really know how it works.
Example: To solve a problem in long division you just apply a series of operations that you have learned. 5 Formal Reasoning 2-Logic Deductive Reasoning Drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises. If the premises are true, the conclusion must also be true. Inductive Reasoning Draw conclusions but could be conceivably wrong. You draw specific conclusions from general premises. 6 Formal Reasoning 2-Logic Deductive Reasoning
Example: All human beings are mortal. I am a human being. If the premises are true Then, I am mortal. Inductive Reasoning
Example: Most people with season tickets must love music. John has season tickets. Then, John probably loves music. 7 Deductive Thinking
8 Inductive Thinking
9 Informal Reasoning In formal reasoning problems, there may be no clearly correct solutions. Disagreement may exist about basic premises. Information may be incomplete. Many view points may compete. 10 Informal Reasoning 1-Heuristics Rules of thumb that suggest a course of action without guaranteeing an optimal solution. Examples: A doctor who wants to determine the best kind of treatment. A A factory owner who wants to boost production. 11 Informal Reasoning 2-Dialectical Thinking Example: Is what juries are supposed to do in order to arrive to a verdict.
You consider argument for and against the defendants guilt. You consider point and counter point.
12 Reflective Judgment Critical Thinking The ability to question the assumptions, evaluate and integrate evidence, relate the evidence to a theory or an opinion, Consider alternative interpretations, And reach conclusions that can be defended as reasonable or plausible. 13 Reflective Judgment Karen Kitchener & Patricia King 1-Prereflective Reflective Stages (the first 2 stages) The right answer always exists. No distinction between knowledge and belief, or belief and evidence.
Examples: I was brought up to believe that a certain ethnic group is bad. If I break a mirror, I will have bad luck.
14 Reflective Judgment Karen Kitchener & Patricia King
2-Quasi-Reflective Stages (the next 3 stages) There is no right and wrong answer. Knowledge is subjective.
Examples: The unconscious forces may affect personality. Environment may influence personality. Genetics may influence personality.
15 Reflective Judgment Karen Kitchener & Patricia King 3-Reflective Thinking Stages (the last 2 stages) Although somethings cannot be known with certainty, some judgments are more valid than others based on evidence.
Examples: Based on evidence, I believe that the development of diabetes is genetic. 16 What Do You Think? Common sense is the best distributed commodity in the world, for every man is convinced that he is well supplied with it.
(Rene Descartes) 17 Barriers to Reasoning 1- Availability Heuristic Exaggerating the Improbable Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory. We assume such events are common. Example: If it happened in the past, then it will happen now. I had an accident on the freeway, then I cant drive on the freeway. 18 Barriers to Reasoning 2- Representatives Heuristics A rule of thumb for judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match particular prototypes. Examples: Believing that someone is famous or important because of how well he is dressed. 19 Barriers to Reasoning 3- Framing and the Tendency to Avoid Loss How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. Examples: If you take chemotherapy, youll lose your hair. (People will respond cautiously) If you take the medication for high blood pressure, youll be OK. (People will go for it) 20 Barriers to Reasoning 4- Confirmation Bias Paying attention to information that confirms ones own belief. Examples: Homosexuality is genetic. Smoking is not harmful. (Regardless of the research) 21 Barriers to Reasoning 5- Biases Due to Fixation or Mental Sets The inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective. Examples: Believing that the medication will not work and ignoring the doctors advice to take the medication. 22 Barriers to Reasoning 6- Biases Due to Functional Fixation Our tendency to perceive the functions of objects as fixed and unchanging. Examples: Ransacking the house for a screw driver when a dime would have turned the screw. 23 Barriers to Reasoning 7- Overconfidence or The Hindsight Bias The tendency to overestimate ones ability to predict the future. Examples: I knew you were going to have a divorce. 24 Barriers to Reasoning 8- The Need for Cognitive Consistency When there is inconsistency between behavior and belief. (Smoking) Examples: Denying the evidence or rationalizing Modifying the belief Changing the behavior 25 Barriers to Reasoning 9- Belief Perseverance Clinging to ones initial conception after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. Confirmation bias contributes to belief perseverance. Examples: You continue smoking even though research shows it is definitely connected to lung cancer.
26 Language Development Month 4 10
12 24 24+ Stage Babbles many speech sounds Babbling reveals household language One-word stage Two-word telegraphic speech Language develops rapidly into complete sentences 27 Language Development Behaviorist, B. F. Skinner
Rationalist, Noam Chomsky
Cognitive Scientists, Statistical Learning
28 Innate Capacity for Language Noam Chomsky Surface Structure Deep Structure Language Acquisition Device
29 Language Acquisition Device Innate Mental Module Children in different cultures go through similar stages of linguistic development. Children combine words in ways adults never do. Adults dont consistently correct their childrens syntax. Even retarded children develop language. Infants can derive simple linguistic rules. 30 Nature and Nurture Genes Environment spoken language heard Brain mechanisms for understanding and producing language Behavior Mastery of native language 31 Language Acquisition Theory
Rationalist Chomsky Cognitive Statistical Learning Behaviorist Skinner Language Aquisition -Innate tendency to acquire language -Innate acquisition device
-statistical analysis of language -biological machinery for learning language -association -imitation -reinforcement 32 Thinking and Language Does language influence thinking? (Linguist Benjamin Lee Whorf) Can we think without language? (Mental practice) 33 Intelligence Whats the definition of intelligence? 34 Definitions of Intelligence The ability to profit from experience The ability to acquire knowledge or learn The ability to think abstractly The ability to act purposefully The ability to adapt to changes in the environment. 35 Definitions of Intelligence 1-Psychometric Approach IQ tests focuses on how people perform on standardized tests which are designed to measure skills and knowledge you have already learned. 2-Cognitive Approach Intelligence comes in different ways and one test cant measure it all.
36 Definitions of Intelligence Psychometric Approach
Alfred Binet Lewis Terman William Stern David Wechsler Charles Spearman Goddard
Cognitive Approach
Howard Gardner Robert Sternberg Emotional Intelligence
37 Alfred Binet (1857-1911) Designed the 1 st test that was developed later to be what we call now the IQ test. He wanted to measure the mental age as opposed to the chronological age. The scale, properly speaking does not permit the measure of intelligence, because intellectual qualities cannot be measured as linear surfaces are measured. Binet and Simon, 1905)
38 Lewis Terman (1877-1956) Revised the test. Called the new test the Stanford-Binet. Later German Psychologist William Stern derived the famous intelligence quotient or IQ. 39 William Stern IQ Scores IQ score = Mental Age (MA) divided by Chronological Age (CA) multiplied by 100
40 David Wechsler IQ Tests Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III) A test for children that provides separate measures of verbal and performance (nonverbal) skills as well as a total score. A test for adults that provides separate measures of verbal and performance skills as well as a total score. 41 42 Charles Spearman (1863-1945) General Intelligence The g Factor There is a general factor that underlies the specific factors. Those who score high on one factor, score higher than average on other factors. 43 Bell Curve 44 Variation in IQ Scores Range of Scores % of Population Description 130 + 2% Very superior 120 - 129 7% Superior 110 -119 16% High average 90 - 109 50% Average 80 - 89 16% Low average 70 - 79 7% Borderline 70 & below 2% Deficient 45 Evaluating IQ Tests Example 1: Focus on black-white differences
Example 2: Goddards testing of the immigrants on Ellis Island
46 Whats Wrong with Goddards Methodology? 1- The test was translated from French. 2- The translation might not have been accurate. 3- The immigrants had just endured an Atlantic crossing. 4- The test was interpreted according to the French norms.
47 standardization reliability validity normal curve content validity aptitude test predictive validity achievement test 48 The Cognitive Approach Robert Sternberg 49 Robert Sternberg 1- Analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence 2- Creative Intelligence 3- Practical Intelligence a. change situation (shaping) b. work on your emotions (adaptation) c. remove yourself from situation (selection) 50 The Theory of Multiple Intelligences Howard Gardner (1995) Language 7 intelligences Logical-mathematical + 2 Spatial relations Naturalistic Bodily-kinesthetic Existential Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal 51 52 Savant Syndrome A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. 53 Emotional Intelligence 1-Interpersonal Intelligence
55 56 Components of Creativity The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas Expertise Imaginative Thinking Skills A Venturesome Personality Intrinsic Motivation A creative Environment 57 Facts about Heritability Heritability gives an estimate of the proportion of the total variance in a trait that is attributable to genetic variation in a group. The maximun value hiritability can have is 1.0. To measure heritability, the populations tested have to share the same environment. Even highly heritable traits can be modified by the environment.