NETWORKING TECHNOLOGIES :

FUNDAMENTALS AND CONCEPTS

INTRO
When people use computers to
communicate, they use a computer
network. This is about computer networks
and how they are used to transmit
information between computers and
ultimately between people. It provides a
broad overview and foundation for
understanding networks and working in
the computer and networking.
Living in a network centric world
Why do we need a Network?
People use computers and networks for a wide variety of
reasons.
Three common reasons that people use networks to send
information
from a source, such as a personal computer (PC), to a
destination, such as a printer, are:
Communicate and collaborate (i.e., e-mail)
Share information (i.e., document sharing)
Share resources (i.e., printers and servers)
1. Increased Employee
Productivity
Ideas are shared more quickly.
Everyone moves faster.
The organization is more
competitive.
2. Reduced Communication Costs
Network-based communication such as e-mail and
instant messenger services are a cost-effective
alternatives to phoning and faxing, with the potential to
deliver significant savings in long distance charges.
3. Reduced Office Equipment
Costs
Allows equipment mainly
printers and servers, to be shared with
multiple users.
4. Access to Resources Anytime/Anywhere
Key files, data, and services can be accessed from
any place on the network. With remote access in
place, one can travel or work remotely and still be
connected.
There are many types of networks that provide
us with different kinds of services.

make a phone call,
watch a television show
listen to the radio
look up something on the Internet
play a video game with someone in
another country
All of these activities depend on robust,
reliable networks.
Converged network

Communication Signals

Modems - Change digital data into analog
for transmission over the line. There are
three types: Traditional, DSL and Cable
Modulator-Demodulator.

V.90-based 56Kbps connections
typical hybrid fiber-coax cable TV network

Network Interface Cards
LAN cards

A NIC (pronounced "nick") is the hardware
component inserted into the PC or workstation that
provides connectivity to a network. The NIC
provides the interface between the physical
networking cable and the software implementing the
networking protocols. The NIC is responsible for
transmitting and receiving information to and from a
network.

Network Interface Cards

Speeds available:
10 Mbps, 10/100 Mbps, 10/100/1000 Mbps
Auto sense:
This is where a port that can operate at different speeds has the
ability to detect the speed of another port to which it is
connected; both ports will automatically configure to use the
best common speed.
Duplex mode: Half Duplex - The term half duplex is used to describe data
transmission that can occur in two directions over the
same communications link, in only one direction at a time.
Full Duplex: The ability of a device or line to transmit data
simultaneously in both directions over the same communications
link, potentially doubling the throughput of traffic.


Network Interface Cards

All PCs require network interface
cards (NIC) to make them ready for
network use. Some are supplied
with NICs already in them. When
choosing a NIC for a PC you should
consider:
The speed of your hub, switch, or print server Ethernet
(10Mbps) or Fast Ethernet (100Mbps).
The type of connection you needRJ-45 for twisted pair or
BNC for coaxial cable.
The type of NIC connector available inside your
ComputerISA or PCI.

Network Interface Cards

Each individual NIC throughout the world carries a unique
code, called a Media Access Control (MAC) address. Not
two NIC are alike. This address is used to control data
communication for the host on the network. A MAC address
consists of 12 hexadecimal bits. The first 6 hexadecimal
represents the NIC manufacturer and the last 6 hex
numbers represents the unique number of a NIC.
When a NIC is attached to a computer, the host computer
will use the NICs MAC address as its physical address in
the network. These physical address from the NIC will be
used by the computer to identify themselves in the network.
Media Access Control (MAC) Addresses
MACs are the 48-bit, hexadecimal
hardware addresses that identify Ethernet
interfaces. It is presented like so:
01:23:45:67:89:00


Network Interface Cards

Installing the NIC.
Network Media
Networking Cables and Connectors
RJ-11: Telephone
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair) cable
Network Media
RJ-45: CAT-5, 5e and 6

strip cable jacket
arrange wire pairs
AT&T 258A_EIA 568B
RJ-45 Connector inserted
UTP Cable and RJ-45 connector
Network Media
BNC: Coaxial
Network Media
Network Devices
Basic Network Devices
Hubs - Simple, Layer 1 devices that
create a single broadcast domain. There
are four types: Passive, Active, Intelligent
and Switching


Network Devices
Modems - Change digital data into analog
for transmission over the line. There are
three types: Traditional, DSL and Cable
Modulator-Demodulator.

LAN Modems
A LAN Modem is router with a built-in Ethernet hub and
two 56K analog modem, allowing several workstations
to share a single connection to an ISP or remote office
LAN, while transferring files locally among all attached
workstations.
Network Devices
Network Interface Cards (NIC) - Cards
with which a PC connects to an Ethernet
or wireless network.


Network Devices
Switch - Layer 2 devices that connects
and selects between network segments.
Unlike hubs, switches provide packet
filtering and forwarding.

Manageable Hubs
and Switches

Manageable Hubs and Switches are network devices that connects computers together
and form a local area network. Aside from basic connectivity, these manageable devices
have many useful features that are not present in any ordinary hubs and switches. These
features are:
VLAN (Virtual LAN) - A logical association that allows users to communicate
as if they were physically connected to a single LAN, independent of the
actual physical configuration of the network.
Port Security A feature that disables or enables a particular port on the switch or hub.
Stackability A feature that allows switches to be connected physically by a matrix cable
and be treated as a single device.
Link Aggregation allows 2 4 of the switchs ports to be combined together and
treated as a single pipe.
switch_hub
Network Devices
Router - A layer 3 device that separates
network segments into different broadcast
domains. Routers are high-level devices
that provide an enormous amount of
administration and monitoring features and
allow for highly complex networks.
Using a router to share a broadband (cable or DSL)
modem connection
A Router Helps Protect Your Home Network from Outside Access
Typical home network
typical wireless network
WRT54G2 v1
wireless adapter

Network Topologies

Star - These networks are centrally
administrated and nodes can be
easily connected or disconnected
using network media. This is most
commonly seen in 10BASE-t,
100BASE-TX or 1000BASE-T
networks.

Star

Network Topologies


Network Topologies

Bus - Nodes tap into a central
line. These networks are almost
completely obsolete, as faults
with individual nodes bring the
entire network down.

Bus

Network Topologies


Network Topologies

Mesh - Expensive to
implement, mesh networks are
easy to maintain and
extremely reliable. They also
work over great distances.
MESH

Network Topologies


Network Topologies

Ring - Uses expensive, proprietary
technology that passes a token
packet around the ring in order to cut
down on network collisions.

Ring

Network Topologies


Network Topologies

Point to Point - These are simple,
ad-hoc networks where one point
goes to one other point. They are
simple to set up and maintain, but
would be expensive if they were the
sole topology in a network.
Point to Point

Network Topologies


Network Topologies

Point to Multipoint - This network
type describes most WAN and VPN
setups, like frame-relay. Theyre used
to connect physically distant devices.
Point to Multipoint

Network Topologies


Network Topologies

Hybrid - Most networks are actually
hybrids, being composed of one or all
of these various topologies.
Project Network Topology and Physical Layout Design:
NETWORK TOPOLOGY DESIGN (using packet tracer simulation ) - employ
segmenting the whole campus network into several number of nodes using
routers to boost network performance and increases the bandwidth
available to each user for network and internet connection.

Logical Network Topologies

Peer to peer
A peer-to-peer network topology means
that each network device is a
client and there is no central system.
These are mainly used in home or small
business networks. Shared resources
require computers to be configured
independently for access.


Logical Network Topologies

Client/server
A number of client machines are all
administered, authenticated and given
access to shared resources through a
central server or servers. This type of
topology is much easier to maintain as
users can be defined in one central
location.

client-server LAN

Logical Network Topologies

VPN
A VPN is a private, secure connection
through the public Internet. It allows a
point-to-point connection between a
remote user and a LAN. The connection
uses encryption and authentication.


Logical Network Topologies

VLAN
VLANs (Virtual Local Area Networks) are
groups of network nodes that form
a single, logical broadcast domain. VLANs
use a switch operating at Layer 2,
but sometimes need a Layer 3 device to
allow VLANs to communicate with each
other.
Network Technologies
Network Protocols
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
- TCP is a transport layer, host-to-
host, connection-oriented protocol. It
enables two hosts to establish a
connection and exchange network
data.
Network Technologies
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
UDP is a transport layer,
connectionless, unreliable, low
overhead protocol. UDP doesnt offer
the assurances of TCP.

Network Technologies
File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
The FTP is an Application layer
protocol that allows a user to upload
or download files between hosts
Network Technologies
Secure File Transfer Protocol (SFTP)
SFTP is similar to FTP but comes
with SSH to provide encryption over
insecure networks such as the
Internet.

Network Technologies
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
TFTP is also similar to FTP but works
with UDP, using less bandwidth than
FTP.


Network Technologies
Email Protocols
Simple Mail Transport Protocol
(SMTP) is used to send e-mail. Post
Office Protocol 3 (POP3) and Internet
Message Access Protocol 4 (IMAP4)
are used to receive emails.

Network Technologies
Secure Shell (SSH)
SSH is a suite of protocols that uses the
RSA public-key encryption technology
authentication

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
ICMP is a network layer protocol providing
management and control
Network Technologies
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
ARP is a Network layer protocol that
resolves network (IP) addresses into
hardware (MAC) addresses. ARP
uses the address resolution cache
table built into every NIC.
Network Technologies
Internet Group Multicast Protocol
(IGMP)
IGMP is a Network layer protocol that
is used by an Internet computer to
report its multicast group membership
to adjacent routers.

Network Technologies
Telnet
Telnet is a terminal emulation protocol
and program that uses TCP for
transport, and most often used for
server and network device remote
administration.
Network Technologies
Transport Layer Security (TLS)
TLS replaces SSL and/or HTTPS in
providing a secure mode of transport for
data from server to client.

Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
SIP is a VoIP call control protocol that
uses a URL to address a specific endpoint.

Network Technologies
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
(DHCP)
DHCP is used by devices to request
IP addresses and local network
configuration parameters.

TCP and UDP Default Ports

Routing Protocols

802.11 Wireless
Communication Standards
wifi alliance
TCP/IP
1. TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.
TCP is normally used in conjunction with IP in a TCP/IP-based
network. The two protocols working together provide for
connectivity between applications of networked computers.
Originally a UNIX standard, TCP/IP is now supported on almost
all platforms, and is the protocol of the Internet.

IP represents the scheme by which two devices (both with IP
addresses) communicate. TCP manages the flow of IP packets,
ensuring that the packets remain error-free and reach their
destination correctly.
TCP/IP
Hosts and networks
IP addressing is based on the concept
of hosts and networks. A host is
essentially anything on the network that
is capable of receiving and transmitting
IP packets on the network, such as a
workstation or a router. It is not to be
confused with a server: servers and
client workstations are all IP hosts.

Addressing Formats

IPv4
IPv4 addresses employs a 32-bit
addressing scheme that is presented in a
format called dotted decimal notation, like
so:
192.168.10.235


Addressing Formats

IPv6
IPv6 employs a 128-bit addressing
scheme divided into eight 16-bit
hexadecimal numbers separated by
colons, like so:
2342:0000:1F1F:0100:0010:0100:11B0:AF
FF

Addressing Formats

IP Address Classes


Addressing Formats

Subnetting
Subnetting is the process of subdividing an
assigned IP address into smaller networks or
subnets.
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
CIDR is a routing scheme used to mitigate the
address shortage in IPv4 by drawing together a
number of networks into one large routing table
entry. A routing protocol must be classless to
support CIDR.



Addressing Formats

Network Address Translation
(NAT)
NAT allows administrators to translate
one public IP address into public
network access for many private IP
addresses.

IP addressing
An IP address is 32 bits wide, and as discussed, it
is composed of two parts: the network number,
and the host number [1, 2, 3]. By convention, it is
expressed as four decimal numbers separated by
periods, such as "200.1.2.3" representing the
decimal value of each of the four bytes. Valid
addresses thus range from 0.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255, a total of about 4.3 billion
addresses. An IP address is a numbering system
based on Octal numbering notation.
xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx.xxxxxxxx
1
2
4
8
16
32
64
128
11001011. 01010111. 10000000. 00000010
203 87 128
2
IP addressing
Subnet Mask
Example:
Network: 192.168.12.0
4 workgroups (Logistics, Administration,
Engineering, and Human Resources) that
needed to be separated logically.
required to build 4 sub networks from 192.168.12.0


HR


Admin

Engg
192.168.12.x(00000000)
network
Hosts


Logistics
Subnet Mask


HR


Admin


Logistics

Engg
192.168.12.x(00000000)
Network
Hosts
Borrow 2 bits:
00 Logistics = 00
01 Engineering = 64
10 Human Resource = 128
11 Admin = 192
Logistics use 192.168.12.1- 62 Subnet mask 255.255.255.192
Engineering use 192.168.12.65 126 Subnet mask 255.255.255.192
Human Resource use 192.168.12.126 190 Subnet mask 255.255.255.192
Admin use 192.168.12.193 254 Subnet mask 255.255.255.192
NETWORK PHYSICAL LAYOUT DESIGN (using Microsoft Office Visio 2003)

Wireless Security
Technologies

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP)
WEP provides either 64- or 128-bit
encryption for data packets over radio
frequencies providing a similar level of
security as wired Ethernet networks. WEP
does not offer end-to-end security
because it uses the lower level layers in
the OSI model.


Wireless Security
Technologies

Remote Authentication Dial-In User
Service (RADIUS)
RADIUS is used as an authentication and
accounting server, storing username and
password combinations for use with a
variety of different services. RADIUS is
typically used in conjunction with 802.11i
to authenticated pre-shared
wireless keys

Wireless Security
Technologies

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
WPA offers improved data encryption and
user authentication over WEP using
the wireless devices hardware-specific
MAC address as a means of ensuring
that only authorized users access the
network. The current version WPA2 uses
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES).

WAN Technologies

Frame relay - Frame Relay is a packet
switching technology used as a
replacement to leased lines because
frame relay connections are more cost
effective. A frame relay connection is able
to virtually connect to a number of different
remote sites through point-to-point and
point-to-multipoint connections.


WAN Technologies

Key Frame Relay Terms
Virtual Circuits (VC): the frame relay
connections.
Committed Information Rate (CIR): the
maximum amount of data bandwidth contracted
by the provider.
Burst: an amount of extra bandwidth provided
based on need and network demand.
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI):
Identifies each individual VC.


WAN Technologies

T1/E1/J1
The T-series connections are digital carrier
transmission systems. ISPs and large
companies employ either T1 or T3
transmission lines for access to the
Internet.

WAN Technologies

Common T-series lines and their speeds include:

T1 operates at1.544 Mbps using 24 voice channels
T3 operates at 44.746 Mbps using 672 voice channels
E1 operates at 2.048 MBps using 30 voice channels
E3 operates at 34.368 MBps using 480 voice channels
J1 operates at 1.544 Mbps using 24 voice channels
J3 operates at 32.064 Mbps using 480 voice channels


WAN Technologies

T1 operates at1.544 Mbps using 24 voice channels
T3 operates at 44.746 Mbps using 672 voice channels
E1 operates at 2.048 MBps using 30 voice channels
E3 operates at 34.368 MBps using 480 voice channels
J1 operates at 1.544 Mbps using 24 voice channels
J3 operates at 32.064 Mbps using 480 voice channels

E designates European; J designates Japanese. Note
the difference in speeds.


WAN Technologies

DSL
Digital Subscriber Line or DSL is a high-
speed Internet access technology carrying
both digital voice and digital data and is
used by businesses and consumers.

Refer to the table for a list of DSL types and
their various features:


WAN Technologies

Broadband Cable
This also provides high-speed Internet
access technology carrying digital data
and uses coaxial cable. cable modems
convert analog signals into digital data.
Cable companies offer a range of
bandwidths from 256 Mbps to 1024 Mbps
upload speed to 512 Mbps to 3 Mbps
download speed.


WAN Technologies

OC-x/SONET
The base rate for OCx using fiber optic
media is called OC-1 and operates at
51.84 Mbps. The Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET ) also uses various OCx
speeds on optical fiber.


WAN Technologies

Wireless
There are a couple of different wireless
technologies which are currently used for
Wide Area Networks. These include
microwave point-to-point connections,
satellite and WiMAX (802.16). WiMAX
uses some of the same concepts as the
802.11 technologies, but over a larger
area.


WAN Technologies

ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
provides a high speed solution for large
scale WANs. ATM splits traffic into 53 byte
cells which are transferred across the ATM
network extremely quickly. ATM also offers
a large number of QoS options for traffic
which allow traffic priority to be very
refined.

WAN Technologies

MPLS
Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) is a
packet switching technique which enables
packets to be tagged or labeled to differentiate
different types of traffic. These types can be
anything from different streams requiring high
QoS requirements like VoIP or they can be used
to form a VPN to safely transport traffic between
multiple companies branches.
Network Devices
Firewall - Firewalls sit in the DMZ,
between an intranet and the Internet and
provide packet filtering to keep
unauthorized access from the protected
network.
WAN Connection Types
WAN Services
A WAN is a data communications network that operates beyond a LAN's geographic scope.
One way that a WAN is different from a LAN is that you must subscribe to an outside WAN
service provider, such as PLDT and Globe Telecoms to use WAN carrier network services. A
WAN uses data links, such as Analog Telephone and Frame Relay, that are provided by carrier
services to access bandwidth over wide-area geographies. A WAN connects the locations of an
organization to each other, to locations of other organizations, to external services (such as
databases), and to remote users. WANs generally carry a variety of traffic types, such as voice,
data, and video.
Wiring Distribution
Terminology
Cross Connects - The location where
different cable sections come together
Patch Panels - A collection of terminated
circuits which can be patched together.

WIRING DISTRIBUTION AND NETWORK CABLING TOOLS
Network Tools
Command Line Interface Tools
Be familiar with the following command line
tools:
Traceroute (or tracert)
ipconfig
ifconfig (for Linux)
ping
ARP ping
ARP

CONT Command Line Interface Tools
nslookup
hostname
dig (for Linux)
mtr (for Linux)
route
nbtstat
netstat

It has become appallingly obvious that our
technology has exceeded our humanity.
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
Technology is a way of organizing the
universe so that man doesn't have to
experience it.
Max Frisch
Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of
life it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts.
It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and
of sciences.
Freeman Dyson - Infinite in All Directions
Famous Quotes about Technology
Thank you very much
for listening..
EINGILBERT C. BENOLIRAO