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Ruang lingkup
masalah

Pengertian & Istilah
Masalah sumber hukum
Bentuk-bentuk tindak pidana

- TP (crime/strafbaar feit) : istilah yuridis.
- apkh pengertian yuridis dari TP?
ISTILAH-ISTILAH Yang
Berhubungan Dengan TINDAK
PIDANA
criminal act; criminal offence; offences; crime;
felony; misdemeanour;
serious offences; less serious offences
(petty/summary offences);
zbrodnia, wijstepek;
inchoate offences (incitement/solicitation;
attempt; conspiracy;);
preparation;
complicity (principal; accessory; actual offender;
aiding and abetting; counseling or procuring);
homicide; murder; manslaughter; infanticide;
parenticide;
ISTILAH
KEJAHATAN PELANGGARAN
Felony Misdemeanor
Serious Offence Less Serious Offence
(Petty/summary offences)
Misdrijven Overtredingen
Zbrodnia Wijstepek
Mala in se (mala per se)
(acts wrong in themselves)
Mala (quia) prohibita
(acts wrong because they
are prohibited)
Intrinsically wrong Legally wrong
Rechtsdelict Wetsdelict
PERBANDINGAN JENIS TP
HUKUM ISLAM COMMON LAW
1. Hudud 1. felony
2. Tazir 2. misdemeanor
3. Qesas -- tidak ada --
ACTUS REUS =
CRIMINAL ACT
Actus reus mengandung unsur:
1) Conduct;
2) Consequences (result);
3) Conditions (circumstances).

Actus reus :
Willed/voluntary activity
A willed muscular movement

PENGERTIAN
(PERUMUSAN TINDAK PIDANA)
Ada yang merumuskan & ada yang tidak;
Yang merumuskan, a.l. :
ARMENIA - LATVIA
BELARUS - MACEDONIA
BRUNEI - PERANCIS
BULGARIA - ROMANIA
CHINA - SWEDIA
JERMAN - YUGOSLAVIA
MOLDOVA - KOSOVO
SERBIA - UKRAINA
Polandia

Pengertian/hakikat Tindak Pidana
(KUHP Armenia)
Article 18. The notion of crime.
1. The willful committal of a socially dangerous act envisaged in this
Code is considered a crime. (matrik-2010 no. 8)
Kejahatan (Tindak Pidana) adalah :
perbuatan yang membahayakan masyarakat :
yang ditetapkan dalam UU (KUHP)
dilakukan dengan sengaja.

2. The act or inaction which may formally contain the features of an act
envisaged in this Code, but which, however, does not present public
danger because of its little significance, i.e. it did not cause or could
not have caused significant damage to an individual or a legal entity,
to the society or the state, is not considered a crime.
Tidak merupakan crime/tindak pidana, apabila perbuatan yang sudah
memenuhi ketentuan UU itu tidak menimbulkan bahaya publik atau
sangat kecil bahaya sosialnya (does not present public danger because
of its little significance)

Klik
Kul-1
PHP
no.
13
TIDAK MERUPAKAN TP (Crime)
ARMENIA

apabila perbuatan yang
sudah memenuhi
ketentuan UU itu tidak
menimbulkan bahaya
publik atau sangat kecil
bahaya sosialnya
(does not present public
danger because of its
little significance)

CHINA

apabila keadaan-
keadaan yang dilarang
oleh UU itu sangat kecil
dan bahayanya tidak
begitu besar
(if the circumstances are
clearly minor and the
harm is not great).

KUHP ARMENIA
Article 18. The notion of crime.
1. The willful committal of a socially dangerous act envisaged in
this Code is considered a crime.
2. The act or inaction which may formally contain the features of
an act envisaged in this Code, but which, however, does not
present public danger because of its little significance, i.e. it did
not cause or could not have caused significant damage to an
individual or a legal entity, to the society or the state, is not
considered a crime.

Catatan :
KUHP Armenia hanya terdiri dari 2 bagian : (1) General Part,
dan (2) Special Part (yg memuat berbagai perumusan crime).
Jadi yang dimaksud dengan crime adalah tindak pidana.
Pengertian/hakikat Tindak Pidana
(KUHP Armenia)
Unsur utama dari Crime (TP) :
1) The willful committal of a socially dangerous act,
2) envisaged in this Code;

Tidak merupakan TP apabila :
- does not present public danger because of its little
significance, i.e. it did not cause or could not have
caused significant damage to an individual or a legal
entity, to the society or the state.

Pengertian TP di Armenia ini pada intinya sama dgn di
KUHP Bellarus, Bulgaria, China, Latvia, & Yugoslavia,
walaupun ada perbedaan formulasinya.
PENGERTIAN TINDAK
PIDANA
KUHP BELLARUS
Article 7. Notion of the Crime
The crime shall be a perpetrated socially dangerous action (omission)
which is prohibited by this Code. The crime shall not be an action or
omission which, though formally containing signs of any action envisaged
by the criminal law, poses no social danger by virtue of its little
significance.

KUHP BULGARIA
Art. 9
(1) Crime shall be an act dangerous to society (action or inaction), which
has been culpably committed and which has been declared punishable
by law.

(2) Criminal shall not be an act which, although formally containing the
elements of crime provided by law, because of its insignificance is not
dangerous to society or its danger to society is obviously insignificant.
PENGERTIAN TINDAK PIDANA
(KUHP CHINA)
Article 13.
All acts that endanger the sovereignty, territorial integrity, and
security of the state; split the state; subvert the political power of the
people's democratic dictatorship and overthrow the socialist system;
undermine social and economic order; violate property owned by the
state or property collectively owned by the laboring masses; violate
citizens' privately owned property; infringe upon citizens' rights of the
person, democratic rights. and other rights; and other acts that
endanger society, are crimes if according to law they should be
criminally punished. However, if the circumstances are clearly minor
and the harm is not great, they are not to be deemed crimes.
Resume :
- Merupakan kejahatan (TP) apabila perbuatan itu :
- Membahayakan masyarakat; dan
- Dirumuskan dalam UU
(Cttn : kesalahan tidak dimasukkan sbg unsur TP)
- Tidak merupakan TP, apabila bahayanya sangat kecil atau tidak besar.

KUHP LATVIA
Section 6. The Concept of a Criminal Offence
1. An offence (act or failure to act), committed deliberately
(intentionally) or through negligence, provided for in this Law,
and for the commission of which criminal punishment is set out,
shall be considered a criminal offence.
2. An offence (act or failure to act) which has the constituent
elements of an offence set out in this Law, but has been
committed in circumstances which exclude criminal liability,
shall not be considered criminal.
Resume :
- Dlm perumusan TP dimasukkan unsur kesalahan
(dolus/culpa);
- Tidak merupakan TP apabila ada alasan penghapus
pidana (jadi yg dirumuskan bukan tidak adanya sifat
socially dangerous act).
KUHP YUGOSLAVIA
Chapter Two : CRIMINAL CONDUCT AND CRIMINAL LIABILITY

Criminal act
Article 8.

1) A criminal act is a socially dangerous act which is defined by law as
a criminal act, the characteristics of which are defined by law.

2) An act which, although containing characteristics of a criminal act
defined by law, represents an insignificant social danger because of
its slight importance and the insignificance or absence of
detrimental consequences, shall not be considered a criminal act.


KUHP KAZAKHSTAN
Article 9. The Concept of a Crime
1. A committed publicly dangerous act (or a failure to act)
for which someone is found culpable, and which is
prohibited by the present Code, under the threat of legal
punishment, shall be recognised as a crime. Application
of criminal law by analogy shall not be allowed.

2. Those acts or failures to act shall not be considered
crimes which, though formally containing the elements of
an act stipulated by the Special Part of the present
Code, but by virtue of their insignificance do not present
a public danger, that is, which did not cause any harm,
and did not create a threat of causing harm to a person,
society, or the state.
KUHP MOLDOVA
Article 14. Concept of the Crime
(1) A crime is a prejudicial act (action or inaction) set forth
in criminal law committed with culpability and subject to
criminal punishment.
(2) An action or inaction that although formally has signs of
an act set forth herein but due to lack of importance does
not meet the prejudicial degree of a crime shall not be
considered a crime.

CATATAN :
Article 15. Prejudicial Degree of a Crime
The prejudicial degree of a crime is determined in accordance
with the evidence that characterizes the elements of a crime: the
object, the objective side, the subject, and the subjective side.
KUHP KOSOVO
Criminal Offence - Article 6

A criminal offence is an unlawful act which is defined by law as a
criminal offence, the characteristics of which are defined by law and for
which a criminal sanction or a measure of mandatory treatment is
prescribed by the law.


Act of Minor Significance - Article 7

An act shall not constitute a criminal offence even though it has the
characteristics of a criminal offence as defined by law if it is an act of
minor significance. The act shall be deemed to be of minor significance
when the danger thereby involved is insignificant due to the nature or
gravity of the act, the absence or insignificance of harmful
consequences, the circumstances in which the act was committed, the
low degree of criminal liability of the perpetrator or the personal
circumstances of the perpetrator.

KUHP MACEDONIA (mirip Kosovo)
Crime - Article 7
A crime is an unlawful act which is determined by law
to be a crime, and whose characteristics are
determined by law.

An act of minor significance - Article 8
An act is not a crime even though it contains
characteristics of a crime, when it is an act of minor
significance, because of the lack or insignificance of
the damaging consequences and the low level of
criminal responsibility of the offender.
KUHP RUMANIA
Art. 17. - Any action, which constitutes social threat, which is willingly
perpetrated and which is provided in the criminal law, constitutes a crime.
Crime is the only ground for criminal responsibility.

Art. 18. - An action which constitutes social threat in criminal legal terms is
any action or non-action through which one of the values mentioned in
article 1 are damaged and for whose sanction a penalty needs to be
applied.

Art. 181. - Any action provided by criminal law does not constitute a crime
unless its minimum damage to one of the values protected by the law and
its concrete substance, obviously insignificant, represent the degree of
social threat pertaining to a crime.
In specifically establishing the degree of social threat, the manner and
means of the crime perpetration are considered, as well as the
consequences produced or likely to be produced, and the perpetrator's
position and attitude.
In case of the actions mentioned in the article hereby, the prosecutor or the
court applies one of the administrative sanctions provided in article 91.

KUHP SERBIA
Criminal Offence - Article 14
(1) A criminal offence is an offence set forth by the law as criminal offence,
which is unlawful and committed with guilty mind/mens rea.
(2) There is no criminal offence without an unlawful act or culpability,
notwithstanding the existence of all essential elements of a criminal offence
stipulated by law.

An Offence of Minor Significance - Article 18
(1) An offence shall not be considered a criminal offence, if despite having
elements of a criminal offence it represents an offence of minor significance.
(2) An offence of minor significance is that in which the degree of the offenders
responsibility is low, if consequences are absent or insignificant or
eliminated by the offender, and where the general purpose of imposing
criminal sanctions does not require sanctioning.
(3) The provisions of paragraphs 1 and 2 of this Article may be applied to
criminal offences carrying imprisonment sentence of up to three years or a
fine.
KUHP UKRAINA
Article 11. Notion of a criminal offense
1. A criminal offense shall mean a socially
dangerous culpable act (action or omission)
prescribed by this Code and committed by an
offender.
2. Although an act or omission may have,
technically, any elements of an act under this
Code, it is not an offense if, due to its
insignificance, it is not a social danger, i.e. it
neither did nor could cause considerable harm
to any natural or legal person, community,
society or the state.
KUHP POLANDIA
Article 1.
1. Penal liability shall be incurred only by a person who commits an
act prohibited under penalty, by a law in force at the time of its
commission.
2. A prohibited act whose social consequences is insignificant shall
not constitute an offence.
3. The perpetrator of an prohibited act does not commit an offence if
guilt cannot be attributed to him at the time of the commission of
the act.
Resume :
Tidak merupakan delik, apabila :
1. bahaya/akibat sosialnya sepele/terlalu kecil (insignificant)
2. Kesalahan tdk dapat dikaitkan padanya pada saat perbuatan itu
dilakukan (berarti : apbl. Tdk ada kesalahan).

RESUME
does not present public danger because
of its little significance, (did not cause significant
damage to an individual or a legal entity, to the
society or the state) - (ARMENIA)

no social danger by virtue of its little significance.
(BELLARUS)

its insignificance is not dangerous to society
or its danger to society is obviously insignificant
(BULGARIA).

the circumstances are clearly minor and
the harm is not great (CHINA)
Perbuatan
memenuhi
UU


TIDAK
MERUPA-
KAN TP
has been committed in circumstances
which exclude criminal liability (LATVIA)
APABILA
by virtue of their insignificance do not present a public danger
(did not cause any harm, and did not create a threat of causing harm
to a person, society, or the state (KAZAKHSTAN)
TIDAK MERUPAKAN TINDAK PIDANA
APABILA :
tidak menimbulkan bahaya publik atau sangat kecil bahaya
sosialnya Armenia;
Tidak ada bahaya sosialnya Bellarus;
Tidak berbahaya bagi masyarakat atau sifat bahayanya
sangat kecil Bulgaria;
Bahayanya sangat kecil atau tidak besar (CHINA)
Ada alasan penghapus pertanggungjawaban pidana Latvia.
Karena minimnya bahaya bagi masy (tdk menyebabkan
bhy/kerugian apapun, atau tdk menimbulkan ancaman
kerugian bagi orang, masyarakat, atau negara) Kazakhstan.





MIRIP/IDENTIK DGN PENGERTIAN :
TIDAK BERSIFAT MELAWAN HUKUM SECARA MATERIEL
(Asas AVAW; absence of unlawfulness; no liability without
Unlawfulness)
KRITERIA SMH MATERIEL
Von Liszt :
Perkosaan/pembahayaan kepentingan hukum bersifat
melawan hukum materiel jika perbuatan itu bertentangan
dgn tujuan ketertiban hukum.
Zu Dohna :
Suatu perbuatan itu tidak melawan hukum jika perbuatan
itu merupakan upaya yang haq untuk tujuan yang haq
(richtiges Mittel zum techten zwecke). Misal seorang
ayah memukul pemuda yang memperkosa anak gadisnya.
M.E. Mayer :
SMH itu berarti bertentangan dengan Kulturnorm (norma
kebudayaan) yang diakui oleh Negara.
Zevenbergen :
Onrechtmatigheid adalah syarat umum/objektif yang
biasanya ada jika perbuatan memenuhi rumusan delik
dalam UU, tetapi harus diselidiki secara konkret, apakah
yang diharapkan oleh ketertiban hukum.
KUHP KOREA
Pasal 20 : Conduct in accordance with law or
pursuant to accepted business practices, or other
conduct which does not violate the social mores
shall not be punishable.

Jadi menurut ketentuan di atas, tidak dipidana :
1) perbuatan yang sesuai dengan UU (in accordance with
law);
2) perbuatan yang sesuai dengan praktek bisnis yang sudah
lazim/ diterima (pursuant to accepted business practices);
atau
3) perbuatan lain yang tidak melanggar norma/kebiasaan
masyarakat (does not violate the social mores).
BAGAIMANA
WvS & KONSEP ?
WvS
Tidak memberi
batasan/pengertian
juridis ttg apa yg
dimaksud dg TP;

Hanya memberi
landasan juridis ttg.
kapan suatu feit
dikatakan sebagai
strafbaar feit (asas
legalitas).
KONSEP KUHP
di samping
memberi landasan
juridis/legalitas (sbr.
Hk);

memberi batasan/
PENGERTIAN juridis
ttg sifat/hakikat TP.
LANDASAN JURIDIS
(LEGALITAS)
Pasal 1 (1) KONSEP :

Tiada seorang pun dapat
dipidana atau dikenakan
tindakan, kecuali per-
buatan yang dilakukan
telah ditetapkan sebagai
tindak pidana dalam
peraturan perundang-
undangan yang berlaku
pada saat perbuatan itu
dilakukan.

(diperluas juga ke lega-
litas materiel)
Pasal 11 KONSEP

1) Tindak pidana adalah perbuatan melaku-
kan atau tidak melakukan sesuatu yang
oleh peraturan perundang-undangan di-
nyatakan sebagai perbuatan yang dilarang
dan diancam dengan pidana.
2) Untuk dinyatakan sebagai tindak pidana,
selain perbuatan tersebut dilarang dan
diancam pidana oleh peraturan perundang-
undangan, harus juga bersifat melawan
hukum atau bertentangan dengan kesa-
daran hukum masyarakat.
3) Setiap tindak pidana selalu dipandang ber-
sifat melawan hukum, kecuali ada alasan
pembenar.

PENGERIAN JURIDIS
LANDASAN JURIDIS
(LEGALITAS)
Pasal 1 (1) KONSEP :

Tiada seorang pun dapat
dipidana atau dikenakan
tindakan, kecuali per-
buatan yang dilakukan
telah ditetapkan sebagai
tindak pidana dalam
peraturan perundang-
undangan yang berlaku
pada saat perbuatan itu
dilakukan.

(diperluas juga ke lega-
litas materiel)
Pasal 11 KONSEP

Tindak pidana adalah :
perbuatan yang oleh peraturan UU
dinyatakan sebagai perbuatan yang
dilarang dan diancam dengan pidana.
harus juga bersifat melawan hukum
atau bertentangan dengan kesadaran
hukum masyarakat.

Setiap tindak pidana selalu dipandang ber-
sifat melawan hukum, kecuali ada alasan
pembenar.

PENGERIAN JURIDIS
Asas No liability without unlawfulness
dijadikan asas umum
KONSEP KUHP
Pasal 1 (1) : LANDASAN YURIDIS (LEGALITAS)
Tiada seorang pun dapat dipidana atau dikenakan tindakan,
kecuali perbuatan yang dilakukan telah ditetapkan sebagai
tindak pidana dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang
berlaku pada saat perbuatan itu dilakukan.

Pasal 11 : PENGERTIAN/BATASAN YURIDIS
1) Tindak pidana adalah perbuatan melakukan atau tidak
melakukan sesuatu yang oleh peraturan perundang-undangan
dinyatakan sebagai perbuatan yang dilarang dan diancam
dengan pidana.
2) Untuk dinyatakan sebagai tindak pidana, selain perbuatan
tersebut dilarang dan diancam pidana oleh peraturan
perundang-undangan, harus juga bersifat melawan hukum atau
bertentangan dengan kesadaran hukum masyarakat.
3) Setiap tindak pidana selalu dipandang bersifat melawan
hukum, kecuali ada alasan pembenar.

RESUME PERUMUSAN PENGERTIAN TP
Pengertian juridis TP :
dirumuskan.

Dalam merumuskan
pengertian TP :
Inti TP : perbuatan meme-
nuhi UU (m.h. formal);
Ada yg memasukkan & ada
yg tidak memasukkan unsur
sengaja;
Ada klausul: kapan perbuat-
an memenuhi UU tdk meru-
pakan TP



Unsur TP :
1. Perbuatan
2. Memenuhi UU (M.H
formal)
3. SMH (materiel)
Asas MH yg positif
Asas MH yg negatif
Asas legalitas
Asas AVAW
(No liability without unlawfulness)
Pengertian Juridis TP dan
Asas No liability without unlawfulness
WvS
Hanya ada landasan
juridis/legalitas ttg. kapan suatu
feit dikatakan sebagai
strafbaar feit (asas legalitas).

Tidak ada batasan/pe-
ngertian juridis ttg apa yg
dimaksud dg TP; hanya ada
dalam teori/doktrin.

Asas No liability without
unlawfulness TDK masuk
asas umum (dlm Bk. I)

KUHP ASING & KONSEP
di samping ada landasan
juridis/legalitas (sbr. Hk);

ada juga batasan/ PENGER-
TIAN juridis ttg sifat/hakikat TP.

Asas No liability without
unlawfulness masuk asas
umum (dlm Bk. I)

PERKEMBANGAN ASAS
NO LIABILITY WITHOUT UNLAWFULNESS
Di Indonesia
tidak dimasukkan sebagai
asas umum Buku I;
tersimpul dari perumusan
delik di Buku II;
terkesan sebagai asas APP
formal;
lebih menekankan SMH ma-
teriel dalam fungsinya yang
negatif.
Dalam UU TPK (3/71; 31/99
Jo. 20/2001) :
SMH Materiel dalam fungsi-
nya yang positif,
dengan kriteria dipandang
sebagai perbuatan tercela
karena :
1) tidak sesuai dengan rasa
keadilan; atau
2) tidak sesuai dengan norma
kehidupan sosial.
DALAM KUHP
DI LUAR KUHP
MASALAH SUMBER HUKUM
KLIK ASAS LEGALITAS
BENTUK-BENTUK TP
(The Forms of Criminal Offence)
Klik Bentuk-bentuk TP