HUMAN REPRODUCTION

& DEVELOPMENT
• The human reproductive
system joins the egg cells
and sperm cells to form a
zygote. The zygote develops
into an embryo, a fetus and
finally a child.
 THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

• The function of the male

reproductive organ is to
produce a sperm cells and
delivers them to the female
reproductive system
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

• The male gamete or SPERM

is highly specialized for it is
the carrier of genetic
information.
• TESTES is the sperm
producing organ, also
produces the hormone
TESTOSTERONE which is
responsible for all the
changes in the body of a
male.
• The testes is enclosed in a protective
sac called the SCROTUM, which hangs
between the leg of male and maintain
the testes temperature about 3ºC cooler
than that of the rest of the body. It is
important for the production of sperm
cells; they can only survive and
reproduce at temperature lower than
the body.
• Each testis is made of tightly coiled
structure called SEMINIFEROUS
TUBULES. Among the tubules are
cells that produce testosterone.
• After the sperm cell is manufactured
in the testes, it is delivered into a
long coiled tube called EPIDIDYMIS,
where it matures.
• Then the sperm is delivered into
a long tube the VAS
DEFERENS, where it is stored.
• As the sperm moves from the
vas deferens to the urethra,
they are mixed with a fluid
called SEMEN.
• SEMEN is consisting of sperm and the fluid
made by several glands. It also contains
fructose which is the energy source of the
sperm. A single drop of semen can contain
as many as 5 M sperm.
• The urethra extends to through the PENIS,
which is the external male organ through
which the semen and the urine flow out of
the body.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM

• The female gonads or

ovaries produce gametes
(egg cells) and female
hormones (estrogens and
progesterone).
• It also provides a receptacle in which
fertilization may take place.
• The system also nourishes and
protects the offspring that develop
from a fertilized egg to an individual
capable of surviving outside the
mother’s body.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGAN

• The OVARY is the female organ

that release eggs and produces
the hormones progesterone and
estrogens. A female has 2
ovaries.
• Located close to each ovary is a
structure called the FALLOPIAN
TUBE or the OVIDUCT, which
provides a pathway through which
the eggs travel from the ovary to the
uterus.
• The UTERUS is a with muscular
walls in which a fetus develops.
• A structure called CERVIX, at
the base of the uterus, connects
the uterus with the vagina.
• VAGINA is a muscular, tube –
shaped organ that receives the
male penis during the sexual
intercourse and serve as birth
canal.
 THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE

2 DISTINCT CYCLES
• MENSTRUAL CYCLE which is
controlled by progesterone
hormone, prepares the uterus
for the fertilized egg or
pregnancy.
• OVULATION CYCLE, controlled
by the hormone estrogens,
involves the maturation and
release of egg.
• A cycle usually occurs every 28
days, or once a month, although
it varies in individual cases.
 MENSTRUAL CYCLE
• If fertilization does not occur,
production of progesterone slows
and eventually stops. The decrease
in progesterone causes the
thickened layer of blood rich tissue
to break down and menstruation
begins.
 OVULATION CYCLE
• After menstruation, the level of
ESTROGEN decreases and allows
the release of mature egg from the
ovary.
• If the egg is fertilized, it attached
itself to the lining of the uterus and
pregnancy begins.
• If the egg is not fertilized,
menstruation occurs after
14 days of ovulation
 FERLILIZATION,
PREGNANCY & BIRTH
 FERTILIZATION
• An egg encounters a sperm cell as a
result sexual union/intercourse or
coitus
• Sperms are ejaculated from the
penis and swims rapidly from the
vagina, through the cervix to the
uterus and on into both oviducts.
• On the average between 150M to
350M sperm enters the vagina
during ejaculation, only 1 sperm can
penetrate the egg cell’s membrane.
• The fertilized egg or zygote now
contains 46 chromosomes: 23 from
the egg and 23 from the sperm.
 EMBRYONIC AND FETAL
DEVELOPMENT
FIRST TRIMESTER
• First major event in human
embryonic development is the rapid
division of the zygote into a layer
and larger number of smaller and
smaller cells.
• From 2 cell to 4, then 8 and so on.
• 1st division occurs 30 hrs after union of the
sperm and egg cells, and the 2nd 30 hrs
later.
• This period of division is called CLEAVAGE
• During this period the size of the embryo
does not increase.
• The mass is about 32 cells is called
MORULA and each individual cell in the
morula is called BLASTOMERE
• During this period the embryo
continues its journey to the uterus.
• On the 6th day the embryo already
reaches the uterus for implantation.
• While the embryo is rapidly growing,
it starts the formation of different
membrane that will protect and
nourish it.
 – AMNION-enclosed the developing
embryo
– CHORION- will form the PLACENTA that
will nourish the growing embryo.
• GASTRULATION begins during the 2nd
week, which lead to the formation of
ENDODERM, MESODERM &
ECTODERM, the three primary tissue
layer
 SUMMARY OF HOW
GERM LAYERS DEVELOP
INTO BODY ORGANS
AND SYSTEMS:
PRIMARY GERM LAYER DEVELOPS INTO

Ectoderm • Epidermis of the skin (hairs, nails)

• Nervous system
• Tooth enamel
• Lining of nose and mouth

Mesoderm • Skeleton
• Muscles
• Excretory system
• Circulatory system
• Gonads

Endoderm • Digestive tract

• Respiratory system
• Liver and pancreas
• From the start of the 9th week
until birth the developing
individual is called FETUS.
• From the 9th-12th week of
development, the fetus begins
to moves its arms and legs.
Sucking reflexes is also evident.
 SECOND TRIMESTER
• From the 4th month to the end of the 6th
month, all the major organs have formed.
• The fetus is now 5.7cm to 3 inches long.
• The mother is very much aware of the fetal
movements.
• Bones already replaced most cartilage of
the embryonic skeleton.
• At 5th month, heart beat can be heard by
the stethoscope.
• The entire body is covered by soft fuzzy
hair called LANUGO
• The skin which is wrinkled and red , has a
thick cheesy coating that protects it from
abrasion
• At 6th month upper and lower eyelid
separates and eyelashes are formed.
• At 7th month, the eyes open.
 THIRD TRIMESTER
• At the last 3 months of
pregnancy, layer of fats
develop under the skin and
bones hardens
• At the end of 9 months the fetus
is about 45 cm long and
weighs3-3.5 kgs.
 BIRTH
• 280 days after fertilization
• The birth process begins
when the uterus starts to
contract & relax at regular
intervals.
• Labour pain last from 2-18
hrs, during this period
cervical canal widens from
its normal 1 cm to 10 cm
and the amniotic sac
ruptures.
• Contraction pushes the baby’s head
against the cervix. Mother’s
abdominal muscle pushes the baby
toward the birth canal until it comes
out of the mother’s body.
• Uterine contraction allows expulsion
of fluid, blood, placenta and the rest
of the umbilical cords.