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REPRODUCTION IN LOWER

FORMS OF LIFE
• Reproduction may be asexual or
sexual.
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION- does
not involve gametes or sex cells.
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION- involves
sex cell. The sperm cell and egg cell
unite to form zygote
ALGAE
• Some algae reproduce only
asexually by cell division or fission.
• FISSION, it is a common form of
vegetative reproduction among
unicellular plants, is the process by
which one cell divides in two.
• FRAGMENTATION it is a common
vegetative reproduction among
multicellular algae. It is a process
whereby pieces of an organism may
break off and regenerates into whole
organisms. This process multiple the
number of colonies not the number
of cells
BREAD MOLD (AMAG)
• Reproduces asexually through the
SPORES encased inside a capsule-
like container called SPORANGIUM.
When condition becomes favorable,
the spores germinate into new
plants.
FERN
• The brown structure underneath
the leaflets are called SORI,
they keep the sores intact. If the
condition is favorable it will
germinate into new plants.
ALTERNATION
GENERATION
• is the switching back and
forth between the
production of diploid
(asexual) and haploid cells
(sexual)
• The diploid stage is called
SPOROPHYTE GENERATION,
the diploid plant produces a
spores. The sprorophytes
undergoes meiosis to produce a
haploid spores. Spores then
develop to produce a haploid
plant.
• In GAMETOPHYTE GENERATION, the
haploid plants produces gametes(egg cells
and sperm cell).the haploid plant develop
a sperm producing ( ANTHERIDIA) and
egg producing
• (ARCHEGONIA) branches. These multi
cellular haploid plants are called
GAMETOPHYTES.
FUNGI
• Mold can produce asexually
through spore and sexually by
CONJUGATION; it is a primitive
form of sexual reproduction by
which the contents of two cells
unite to form a zygote.
VIRUSES
• Cannot reproduce alone
they need their host body to
organize their own
substances and produce
another of their kind.
BACTERIA
• They multiple by TRANVERSE
BINARY FISSION and produce their
daughter cells that will grow and
mature.
• This daughter cell may reproduce
again in a period of only 20 minutes.
PROTOZOAN(paramecium, amoeba,
euglena)

• Protozoans can reproduce


by fission and conjugation.
REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING
PLANTS

• Flowering plants reproduce


through sexual and asexual
means
2 STAGES OF THEIR LIFE CYCLE

• VEGETATIVE STAGE this is


the growth stage.
• REPRODUCTIVE STAGE,
flowers are produce and
sexual reproduction occurs.
VEGETATIVE STAGE
2 KINDS OF VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTIVE
PROCESSES

• Natural
• Artificial
NATURAL VEGETATIVE
REPRODUCTION

• RUNNERS (strawberry) grow


along the ground from the
parent plant. They form
adventitious roots and shoots at
the tip, giving rise to new
plants.
• TIP LAYERING aerial stem arch
downward so the tip touches the
ground. The adventitious roots
develop and new plant shoot would
grow.
• LEAF REPRODUCTION new plants
develop along the margin of their
leaves.
ARTIFICIAL PROPAGATION METHOD

• CUTTING a portion of the


stems and roots are
removed and transferred to
loose , damp soil or sand.
(gumamela, roses)
• GRAFTING is the splicing
together of two stem, or the
union of their cambium layers-
one of the STOCK(the rooted
portion) and the other of the
SCION ( the cut portion that is
joined to the stock)
• BUDDING is similar to
grafting except that a bud
rather than a stem is used
as the scion.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN
FLOWERING PLANTS

• FLOWERS are reproductive


organ which have evolved
from the leaves.
• FLORAL PART
• A typical flower has the
following parts
• CALYX- collection of sepals, the
several green, leaf like structure that
covers and protect the rest of the
flower in the bud stage.
• COROLLA- refers collectively to the
petals of the flower. Its attracts
agents of pollination like insect and
even man.
• STAMEN- the male
reproductive part of a flower
which produces pollen. It
consists of the stalk or filament
and an anther produces pollen.
Pollen contains sperm nuclei
which is essential for
reproduction.
• PISTIL-the female reproductive
part of a flower. It is composed
of a head called stigma, a
slender style, and an enlarged
base called ovary which forms
the egg. Ovary contains ovules
which later become seed.
POLLINATION
• In flowering plants, reproductive
process that involves the transfer of
pollen grains from the anther of the
flower to the stigma of the same
(self-pollination)or another flower
(cross-pollination).
There are many agents of pollination
that aids in the transport of pollen
grains such as:
• Insect that feed on the nectar of
flowers. Bees are the best pollinators
other are moths, butterflies.
• Wind
• Water
• Man
FERTILIZATION
• Is the union of the nuclei of
male and female gametes
during the process of sexual
reproduction to form a
zygote.
• Each gamete contain only half the
number of chromosomes (haploid) of
the species so that fertilization and
consequently zygote formation
result in a cell with a complete
number of chromosomes (diploid),
half of which derived from each
parents
• In plants, fertilization also involves
fusion of a sperm and egg to form
zygote. In angiosperm, aside from
the formation of the zygote, another
sperm unites with the polar nuclei
found in the ovule to form the
endosperm.
• Endosperm is the seed tissues which
contain the food for the tiny plants.
KINDS OF FLOWERS
• Flowers may vary in color, shapes
and arrangement of its floral parts.
• COMPLETE FLOWER has all the
parts, petals, sepal, pistil and
stamen
• Ex. Rose, lily, gumamela
• INCOMPLETE FLOWER
may lack sepals or petals
• Ex .ilang -ilang, santan,
bougainvillea and poinsettia
DEVELOPMENT OF FRUITS AND
SEEDS
FRUIT
• A fully developed or ripened ovary
SEED
• A ripe or mature ovule.
• Seed maybe dispersed through natural
means or by dispersing media as animals,
wind, water or even human.
Parts of the seed:
• Embryo- stored food nourishes the
young plant from the time it starts to
grow until it matures.
• Hilum- an oval scar on the inner
curve of the seed where it was
attached to the wall of the pod.
• Microphyle-it is tiny opening
on the wall of the ovule through
which the pollen tube enters
just before fertilization.
• Testa- is the outer seed coat; it
is smooth and comes in
different colors.
• Hypocotyl- is a finger like
projection that fits into a
protective pocket. at one end is
the radicle (embryonic root)
and the other is the
epicotyls(two tiny leaves
folded over each other)
SEED GERMINATION
• When conditions are favorable for the
growth of the particular seed, germination
(sprouting) begins.
• The ability of seed to germinate is called
VIABILITY.
• The conditions for germination include

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